GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL EDITION

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

Washington's Commission as Lieutenant General, Signed byPresident John Adams, July 4, 1798

THE WRITINGS OF George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources 1745–1799

Prepared under the direction of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission and published by authority of Congress

John C. Fitzpatrick , Editor

Volume 36 August 4, 1797–October 28, 1798

United States Government Printing Office Washington

1941

LC

E312 .7 1931 WASHINGTONIANA

PRINTED JUNE, 1941

Gov't Deposit JUL 15 1942 ACCESSIONS DIVISIONThe LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION

(The Commission expired December 31, 1934)

President of the United States

Chairman

Vice President of the United States

Speaker of the House of Representatives

United States Senate

Simeon D. Fess , * Vice Chairman Ohio

Deceased.

Arthur Capper Kansas

Carter Glass Virginia

Millard E. Tydings Maryland

House of Representatives

Willis C. Hawley Oregon

John Q. Tilson Connecticut

Joseph W. Byrns * Tennessee

R. Walton Moore Virginia

Presidential Commissioners

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania

Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman * Colorado

Henry Ford Michigan

George Eastman * New York

C. Bascom Slemp Virginia

Wallace McCamant Oregon

Albert Bushnell Hart Massachusetts

Joseph Scott California

Executive Committee

The Senate and House Commissioners

C. Bascom Slemp

Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook

Joseph Scott

Historian

Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart

Director

Representative Sol Bloom

Executive Secretary

William Tyler Page

ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON THE WRITINGS

Dr. J. Franklin Jameson , Chairman *

Deceased.

Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division Library of Congress

Professor Randolph G. Adams

Librarian William L. Clements Library

University of Michigan

President J. A. C. Chandler *

William and Mary College

President Tyler Dennett

Williams College

Dr. Charles Moore

Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts

George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq . *

Editor New York Times

Brigadier General John M. Palmer

United States Army, Retired

Dr. Victor H. Paltsits

Chief of American History Division and Chief of Manuscripts Department New York Public Library

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1797

Page

To the Secretary of State, August 4 The opinion of the Attorney General on the recall of Monroe—Is unable to find it among his papers—Opinions of heads of departments missing. 1

To the Attorney General, August 4 Paper he wishes is missing from Washington's files. 2

To Lawrence Lewis, August 4 Runaway servant—Gradual abolition of slavery would prevent future mischief—Invitation to Mount Vernon—How he can help. 2

To Sir Edward Newenham, August 6 Delay in writing—Pressure of public duties—Derangement of private concerns—Agricultural amusements. 3

To Archibald McLean, August 7 A bond—James Kirk's account. 5

To Nathaniel Ramsey, August 11 Calf and sheep—Broadtail sheep from Mr. Gough. 5

To Henry Dorsey Cough, August 13 Broadtail sheep for breeding. 6

To Nathaniel Ramsey, August 13 John Anderson sent for calf and sheep—An advertisement. 6

To Reverend Zechariah Lewis, August 14 Thanks for sermons—Correspondence with Mr. Custis—His indolence. 7

To the Secretary of War, August 14 The affair of Senator Blount—Monroe has opened his battery—Table ornaments, coolers, and other articles—Porcupine's Gazette. 8

To Clement Biddle, August 14 Disposal of household furniture—Table ornaments and plated bottle coolers—A plateau—American edition of the encyclopædia. 9

To William Pearce, August 14 Engaging an overseer for Union and Dogue Run farms—Hessian fly—Loss caused by a wet season—Rye grass seed. 11

0006 viii

To Reverend Newburgh Burroughs, August 20 The deceased Mrs. Savage's affairs. 12

To John Searson, August 20 His application for employment. 14

To Alexander Hamilton, August 21 Presents a wine cooler. 15

To Clement Biddle, August 21 Picture frames—Plated wine cooler—A stove and stovepipe—Congress'exemption of Washington from postage. 15

To Henry Dorsey Gough, August 23 Thanks for a bull calf—Livestock run down—Cough's sheep. 16

To Clement Biddle, August 23 Yellow fever in Philadelphia—The encyclopædia. 17

To the Secretary of State, August 29 Colonel Monroe did not call—A change of sentiment in France towards America—The tone will be lowered by degrees—Has never been alarmed by any fears of a war with France—Spoliations—The copying press. 18

To Thomas Macdonald, August 29 Thanks for an agriculture report—Invitation to Mount Vernon—Commissioners under the Jay Treaty. 20

To George Washington Parke Custis, August 29 Stimulus to ambition—Approaching end of the term—Vacation and advice. 20

To Thaddeus Kosciuszko, August 31 Welcome to America—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 22

To the Secretary of State, August 31 Letter for Kosciuszko—Yellow fever in Philadelphia. 23

To Israel Shreve, September 1 Suit on his bond—Need of money and Shreve's delays in payments—The situation. 23

To James Harrison, September 2 Rent of an Alexandria lot. 25

To Lawrence Augustine Washington, September 3 His marriage—Inability to be present. 25

To John O'Donnell, September 4 Asks for information as to Anthony Heusler as a gardener. 26

To Clement Biddle, September 6 Binding the encyclopædia. 27

0007 ix

To Henry Lee, September 8 Receipt of a note for $1,000 and corn—Wheat price—Interest on debt—Washington's loss on bank stock through Reed & Ford—Lee's statements—Washington's finances on leaving Philadelphia—Columbia Bank stock. 28

To Tobias Lear, September 11 Reasons against leasing the River farm—Rental terms—The fishery. 30

To Clement Biddle, September 15 Picture frames—The stove—A quarter's interest—Insertion of an advertisement. 32

To George Pearson, September 15 The Colvill estate—Claimants. 33

To Anthony Heusler, September 18 His employment contingent upon that of a gardener from Scotland. 34

To William Triplett, September 24 Land purchase from Simon Pearson—Thomas Pearson's claim—Entail. 35

To Thomas Law, October 2 Sale of land to meet expenses—The project of a hotel in the capital city. 37

To Thomas C. Martin, October 3 Booker's threshing machine—Martin's machine. 37

To Alexander Hamilton, October 8 Desire of young Lafayette to meet his parents—His passage to France. 39

To Marquis de Lafayette, October 8 Return of his son—Congratulations upon his release—Washington's delicate situation—Conduct of young Lafayette—M. Frestal. 40

To Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith, October 9 Custis's conduct—Payment of his account. 42

To Bushrod Washington, October 9 Thomas Pearson's suit which interests him—Evidence of Grafton Kirk—Points to be examined. 43

To William Thornton, October 10 Thanks for a present—Square 21. 45

To Francis Walker, October 10 The Suffolk lands—Walker's offer to sell. 46

To Clement Biddle, October 15 Malady in Philadelphia—Stove procured in Alexandria. 47

0008 x

To Benjamin Goodhue, October 15 Thanks for fish—Money paid Captain Silver—Washington's wish for European peaces—America. 47

To Reverend William Gordon, October 15 Delay in writing—Repairs at Mount Vernon—Difficulties in keeping workmen to their tasks—Publication of the spurious letters—Has never sought a newspaper vindication—The Carey publication. 48

To Thaddeus Kosciuszko, October 15 Regret at his illness—Kosciuszko's claim. 51

To John Langhorne, October 15 Attacks on the administration—Has no personal feeling. 52

To the Secretary of War, October 16 His son's accident—Purchase of the arsenal site on the Potomac. 53

To Tobias Lear, October 24 Inability to lend him $3,000—Will let him have $1,000. 54

To— Barry, October 26 Sale of 50 barrels of flour. 55

To Robert Brooke, October 27 Mrs. Forbes to come at once. 55

To the Secretary of State, October 30 Forwarding letters—The copying press—Yellow fever. 56

To Bushrod Washington, October 30 Deed to Williams—Entail docking. 57

To Jacob Valentine, October 30 Inability to understand his letter—Soldiers' certificates. 58

To Alexander Spotswood, November 1 A housekeeper—A steward—Thompson's claim to the Kentucky lands. 58

To Daniel McCarty, November 3 Exchange of land—Value of the Kanawha tracts—McCarty's Maryland land. 59

To Robert Lewis, November 3 Orchard grass seed—Tenant on the Bath land. 62

To Bushrod Washington, November 3 Wants a housekeeper, and specifies requirements. 62

To Doctor James Anderson, November 4 Arrival of William Spence—His skill as a gardener—Agricultural pursuits. 64

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To the Secretary of State, November 6 Mr. Parish—Bucknall's Orchardist . 66

To Sir John Sinclair, November 6 Thanks for a publication—Fall in land values— tops—Repairs at Mount Vernon. 68

To James Ross, November 6 Thanks for his attention to the Shreve matter—Payment of money—Laying off the Ohio lands into lots. 68

To Tobias Lear, November 10 Mr. Liston's visit. 69

To George Lewis, November 13 A runaway cook Purchase or hire of another. 70

To Daniel McCarty, November 13 Disposal of his western lands—Laying off the tracts into lots—Obstacles to the bargain—Price—McCarty's sugarland tract—Exchange. 71

To Fitzgerald, Herbert, and Gilpin, November 22 Rent of the Alexandria house to Colonel Marsteller. 75

To Bushrod Washington, November 22 Settling the Colvill estate matter—Mrs. Forbes. 75

To Philip Marsteller, November 22 A decision—Stonework of the stable. 77

To James Anderson, November 25 Rent of the Kanawha land—Will experiment with an 11,000-acre tract—Anderson's scheme. 77

To Clement Biddle, November 28 Authorizing the sale of his coach. 79

To Richard Parkinson, November 28 A postponement in renting his farms—Willingness to rent to English or Scotch farmers—Approves Parkinson's conduct. 80

To Sir John Sinclair, November 28 Mr. Parkinson's letter—Asks his ability as a farmer. 81

To John Nicholas, November 30 Mr. Langhorne's letter—Its purpose. 81

To James Welch, December 1 Leasing of the Kanawha lands—Terms. 82

To John Luzac, December 2 Thanks for a book Luzac's regaining influence—His writings. 84

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To Bartholomew Dandridge, December 3 His arrival in Holland—The family—Repairs—Errors and losses in Dandridge's accounts. 85

To Louis de La Colombe, December 3 Thanks for his information—Liberation of Lafayette—His son. 86

To William Vans Murray, December 3 Thanks for letters—Repairs at Mount Vernon—Liberation of Lafayette—Pinckney's colleagues and mission to France. 87

To Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, December 4 Their arrival in Europe—Reception of the embassy by France—Mr. Luzac's book—Mr. Izard—Young Lafayette. 89

To Felix Frestal, December 4 His letters—Regret at his departure—Personal mentions. 91

To John Marshall, December 4 Wishes success to his embassy—A change in the public mind—Inconsistency of American upholders of the French Directory—The summit of despotism—Severity of the winter and crops—Young Lafayette. 92

To George Washington Motier Lafayette, December 5 Letters and friendship—Meeting with his parents—Personal mentions. 95

To Marquis de Lafayette, December 5 Congratulations on his release—Reports of his coming to America. 97

To Rufus King, December 6 Thanks for news of Lafayette—Young Lafayette's journey to Europe. 98

To James Welch, December 7 Fee simple of the Kanawha lands—Reasons against parting with it—Washington's price offer. 99

To James Keith, December 10 Bargain with James Welch for the Kanawha lands—Rent terms with purchase privilege—Keith to draw the lease. 102

To the Secretary of State, December 11 Forwarding letters—Young Lafayette's journey to Europe—Chance of missing his parents—Session of Congress. 104

To Richard Parkinson, December 15 Would be pleased to have skillful agriculturists take over Mount Vernon farms—Labor—Three farms may be rented. 106

To the Secretary of the Treasury, December 17 Mr. Barker's offer to pay in behalf of Colonel Shreve—Reception of our envoys at Paris—Condolence on the death of Wolcott's father. 107

0011 xiii

To the Secretary of the Treasury, December 17 Asks information about Col. Clement Biddle. 108

To Bushrod Washington, December 18 Arrival of Mrs. Forbes—Tax drafts from the sheriff of Kanawha County. 109

To James Anderson, December 21 The year's accounts—Separate items—Future renderings—His management approved—Improvements possible—Tardiness in execution—Want of arrangement—Day by day work Arranging his papers—Union and Dogue Run farms under one head—Attention to tools, etc. 110

To Thomas Law, December 25 A pointer dog—Maryland's aid to the Potomac River—Return of letters. 114

1798

To John Mason, January 2 Potomac navigation matters—Washington's belief in the venture—Advantages to Virginia and Maryland. 115

To the Secretary of War, January 2 Introducing Mr. Elliot. 117

To George Washington Parke Custis, January 7 System and daily conduct. 117

To Gustavus Scott, January 8 Maryland's loan to carry on the buildings in the Federal city—Meeting of the Potomac Company. 118

To Alexander Spotswood, January 9 Thanks for papers—Mr. Stephens's claim to land on Rough Creek. 119

To Alexander Spotswood, January 9 Necessity of acquiring Andrew Wodrow's tract—Asks Spotswood to purchase—Information wanted. 120

To Samuel Williams, January 10 Arrival of Lafayette at Hamburgh—Journey of his son to meet him. 121

To Burwell Bassett, January 10 A cook—Purchase of corn for the distillery. 122

To Clement Biddle, January 10 Mr. Kitt—Strings for Miss Custis's harpsichord. 123

To Frederick Kitt, January 10 A runaway cook—Recovery of him. 123

0012 xiv

To Alexander White, January 11 Necessity of completion of the public buildings in the Federal city—Meeting of the Potomac Company. 124

To Governor James Wood, January 12 Introducing Mr. Lear—Potomac Company business. 125

To the Secretary of State, January 12 Letter to Consul Williams—Asks for the Monroe and Fauchet pamphlets. 126

To Francis Deakins, January 15 Receipt of rent—Valuing of tobacco—Mr. Veatch. 126

To Bushrod Washington, January 19 Taxes of Kanawha and Greenbrier Counties—Justice of the bills—Investigation. 128

Lands Belonging to George Washington on the Western Waters in the State of Virginia, January 130

To James Ross, January 22 Receipt of $1,961.30—Endorsement on Colonel Shreve's bond—Contract of sale of all Washington's land on the Great Kanawha and elsewhere—Terms—The buyer. 132

To David Stuart, January 22 George W. P. Custis's visit to Hope Park—His studies—A school for him—Cambridge and William and Mary. 135

To the Secretary of the Treasury, January 22 Receipt of $1,961.30—Singular that no advices have been received from the envoys to Paris—Monroe's pamphlet—Calm in Congress—An unanswered question. 137

To Henry Lee, January 25 Lee's failure to pay on his bond—Washington's need of money—Will receive either corn or rye. 139

To Robert Lewis, January 26 His rents—Erection of a distillery and need of grain—Management of the rentals. 140

To Winthrop Sargent, January 27 Washington's land on the Little Miami—Title thereto. 141

To George Thacher, January 27 Mr. Goodwin's application. 143

To Rufus Putnam, January 28 Washington's title to land in Northwest Territory called into question—Ask for information. 143

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To the Secretary of War, January 28 His lands in the Northwest—Harmony in Congress—Silence of the envoys—Monroe's and Fauchet's pamphlets. 144

To Clement Biddle, January 29 Sale of the old coach Sale of the plateau—Figure groups—Bill for the encyclopædia—Doctor Barton's debt—Oznabrigs—A clerk. 145

To Frederick Kitt, January 29 His inquiries after Herculas—Mr. Brown—Kitt's bank position. 148

To Bushrod Washington, January 30 His illness—Money for taxes—Recording of General Lee's deed. 149

To Albin Rawlins, January 31 Misconception of General Spotswood's application—A clerk—Terms. 150

Observations in Going Over Mr. Anderson's Accounts, February 1 151

To James Anderson, February 6 Notes on his accounts—His feeling—Hint of leaving—A clerk—The distillery—A cash account. 153

To the Secretary of State, February 6 Monroe's View —Mr. Nancrede's work—The Aurora's attack upon Pickering's honesty—Washington's relations with Talon—The publication of his letter to Morris and charges brought against him. 155

To Bushrod Washington, February 7 Taxes of land on the western waters. 157

To the Secretary of War, February 7 Thanks for letters—The old coach. 158

To Burwell Bassett, February 10 Corn and prices. 159

To Alexander Spotswood, February 11 Lands on Rough Creek and Green River—Return of papers—Price of land—A contemplated purchase—Cost of copying. 159

To Sally Ball Haynie, February 11 Sends £10—Advice. 162

To Robert Lewis, February 11 Execution of a deed—Walnut trees on his lands above Bath—Asks Lewis to investigate. 162

To James Ross, February 12 Receipt for bonds of Colonels Shreve and Ritchie—Opponents of the Government. 164

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To Albin Rawlins, February 12 His pay—Duties. 164

To Thomas Peter, February 16 A clerk from Hanover County—Mr. Davidson's nephew. 166

To John Fitzgerald, February 20 Mr. Sims's payment——Consents to delay. 167

To Alexander Martin, February 22 Dramatic poetry—Invitation to Mount Vernon. 168

To David Stuart, February 26 George W. P. Custis and the college at Annapolis—Alexandria—No progress if he stays at Mount Vernon. 169

To William Augustine Washington, February 27 Death of his wife—Mr. Ashton's wish—Has engaged a clerk—Education of sons—His distillery business—Sir Isaac Heard's inquiries about the genealogy of the Washington family. 171

To Clement Biddle, February 27 German oznabrigs—Articles desired. 174

To Alexander White, March 1 The memorial to Congress—Distorted news—The attitude towards France—What is the prevalent opinion of Monroe's View . 175

To Samuel Davidson, March 2 Employment of his nephew—Superintendence of the distillery. 176

To Clement Biddle, March 3 Oznabrigs—Sale of the old coach—Binding of the encyclopædia—A blacksmith. 177

To John Parker, March 4 Subscription to his contemplated work. 178

To the Secretary of War, March 4 Enclosing the letter to John Parker to him. 179

To Francis Deakins, March 5 Mr. Veach's letter—Rents. 179

To John McDowell, March 5 Introducing Doctor Stuart—George W. P. Custis's entry into the college at Annapolis. 180

To George Richards Minot, March 5 Thanks for his history. 181

To Doctor B—Fendall, March 6 Dental work for Mrs. Washington. 182

0015 xvii

To John Nicholas, March 8 Sincerity of Jefferson's friendship for him—Conduct of the party becoming systematized—The John Langhorne letter—Monroe's View and the propriety of publishing it—Consolation for Monroe. 182

To Bushrod Washington, March 8 General Lee's conveyance of land—Attempt of Nicholas to draw him into a correspondence—Who Nicholas is. 184

To James Keith Conveyance of Potomac Company stock. 186

To Doctor William Stoy, March 17 His charge for treating Christopher. 186

To George Washington Parke Custis, March 19 His diligence in studies—Letters from him. 187

To Clement Biddle, March 19 Samples and prices of oznabrigs and ticklenburgs—Groceries, table ornaments, etc.—Mr. Savage's print. 188

To Alexander White, March 25 Proprietors of Washington its worst enemies—The loan from Congress will inspire confidence—Sites of the public buildings. 189

To the Secretary of War, March 27 Rumored treasonable correspondence between Members of Congress and the French Directory—Hopes these machinations will recoil on the heads of the plotters. 191

To Miles Smith, March 27 William Strickland's letter—Invitation to Smith to visit Mount Vernon. 192

To Thomas Marshall, March 30 Purchase of land adjoining the Rough Creek tract—Price. 192

To Alexander Spotswood, March 30 Purchase of land from Mr. Hire. 193

Remarks on Monroe's “View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States,” March 194

To Alexander Smith, April 3 An order of plank and scantling. 237

To Governor John Henry, April 3 Plank wanted. 238

To Henry Hollingsworth, April 4 Thanks for a sample of home-manufactured cloth. 238

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To William Augustine Washington, April 5 The Washington genealogy—Relations with France—The corn market-Purchase of 500 barrels—Erosion of Mount Vernon lands. 239

To Edmond Lee, April 5 Hopes to see General Lee. 241

To Clement Biddle, April 8 Purchase of oznabrigs—His account—Replacement of his miller. 241

To Oliver Evans, April 8 Want of a miller. 242

To Hugh West, April 11 His application. 243

To Patrick O'Flynn, April 15 Obtaining a miller. 244

To George Washington Parke Custis, April 15 His studies—His announcement of Mr. Calvert's purpose—Personal mentions. 245

To James Lloyd, April 15 Thanks for news of our envoys to France. 246

To William Booker, April 15 Failure of the threshing machine. 247

To Ferdinand Fevot, April 15 No gentleman has been treated by him with incivility or even with indifference. 247

To the Secretary of State, April 16 Corruption and profligacy in system of the French Directory must open the eyes of the blindest—No changes to be expected in the leaders of opposition in the United States. 248

To Oliver Evans, April 22 Thanks for efforts to obtain a miller. 249

To George Deneale, April 22 Suit against Thomson Mason. 249

To Bushrod Washington, April 22 Deeds for land from and to General Lee—Recording. 250

To Alexander Smith, April 25 Plank. 251

To Edward Graham, April 25 Grants of land under Governor Dinwiddie—Washington's part therein. 251

0017 xix

To William Booker, April 25 Rawhide band for the threshing machine. 252

To Thomas Pinckney, May 6 Letter for Mr. Horry. 252

To the Secretary of War, May 6 Cannon foundry at the mouth of the Shenandoah Democrats seem to be lifting up their heads again. 253

To William Pearce, May 6 An account—Cradling wheat. 254

To Charles L. Pinckney Horry, May 6 His answer to Paine's letter. 255

To Thomas Law, May 7 His offer of a lot and a loan—His holdings in the Federal city—His estate is far from productive—Building at Mount Vernon. 256

To Foster & May, May 7 Their account—Payment. 257

To William Herbert, May 8 Notes for deposit. 258

To George Washington Parke Custis, May 10 His applications for money. 258

To William Strickland, May 15 His letter—Introduces Rev. Bryan Fairfax. 259

To Sir John Sinclair, May 15 Capture of a former letter—Introduces Rev. Bryan Fairfax. 260

To Sir John Sinclair, May 15 Introduces Rev. Bryan Fairfax. 261

To Thomas C. Martin, May 15 Threshing machine. 261

To Sarah Cary Fairfax, May 16 Changes in 25 years—Recollection of the moments spent in her company—Conduct of France—Regret in seeing Belvoir in ruins—Why she should return to America—The great future of the Federal city—Growth of Alexandria. 262

To Thomas Peter, May 18 A receipt—Mrs. Washington's letter—Visit to Hope Park. 256

To Reverend Bryan, Lord Fairfax, May 18 Letter to Mrs. Fairfax—Visit. 266

0018 xx

To James Anderson, May 22 His intention to withdraw from Mount Vernon—Has no desire to change, or to employ any one discontented with his conduct—Rights of a proprietor—Wishes to know the reason of his complaints—The mill and the distillery—Makes an offer. 266

To Alexander Hamilton, May 27 Is disturbed by the troubles with France—A proposed tour inexpedient—Does not think that France will come to open war—Would serve at the head of the Army, if called—Addresses from the people—The Government supported. 271

To Joseph Hopkinson, May 27 Thanks for a pamphlet and song—Difference of opinion among men—Liberty. 274

To Edward Carrington, May 28 Wishes to know the sentiments of the people. 275

To Clement Biddle, May 28 Power of attorney to sell United States stock for the benefit of the Potomac Company. 276

To Joseph Sands, May 29 A tin box shipment. 276

To William Fitzhugh, May 30 Mr. Anderson's tender of services to Fitzhugh—His ability. 277

Memorandum, May Concerning officers of the Provisional Army. 279

To Judge Alexander Addison, June 3 Disappointed in not receiving the installment on Colonel Ritchie's bond—Thanks for his remarks on Mr. Gallatin's speech and the oration on the President's general fast—They will do good. 279

To Reverend William Lynn, June 4 Thanks for his discourse. 281

To Judith Sargent Stevens Murray, June 4 Thanks for books. 281

To Robert Lewis, June 4 Mr. Ariss's draft—An eloped tenant—Compliance with the leases—Wheat and other grain. 282

To James Anderson, June 11 No objection to a mill and distillery arrangement—Exchange of horses—An allowance—Mr. Rawlins—No intention of hurting his feelings—Anderson's qualifications—Lack of system—Failures—Delivery of hay and grain—Hedges—Duties. 283

0019 xxi

To George Washington Parke Custis, June 13 His failure to write—His attentions to a young lady in Alexandria. 288

To James Lloyd, June 13 Thanks for his information—What are the sentiments of the people of Kentucky? 288

To John McDowell, June 13 Young Custis. 289

To Oliver Evans, June 14 Want of a miller. 289

To Reverend Jeremy Belknap, June 15 His discourse on the Fast Day—His American biography—The Calverts—Richard Bland and the history of Virginia. 290

To the President of the United States, June 17 His contemplated visit to the Federal city—Wishes him to make Mount Vernon his headquarters—Good wishes for his administration. 291

To Justice Samuel Chase, June 17 Reverend Mr. Belknap's inquiries as to the Calvert family. 292

To the Trustees of Washington Academy, June 17 Reply to their address. 293

To Edward Savage, June 17 Thanks for choosing the prints sent by Colonel Biddle. 293

To Alexander Smith, June 17 Payment for plank. 294

To Clement Biddle, June 17 The old coach and table ornaments—Picture frames. 294

To Francis Corbin, June 17 Reverend Mr. Belknap—Historical notes of Corbin's father. 295

To William Fitzhugh, June 17 Reverend Mr. Belknap's biographies—Subscription list. 296

To Thomas C. Martin, June 17 Scantling for a threshing machine. 296

To Julius Ursyn Niemcewicz, June 18 His visit to Mount Vernon. 297

To the Secretary of War, June 22 Answers to his letters. 298

To James Lloyd, June 25 Marshall's return from France—Mysterious conduct of one of his colleagues—Flimsy performances of the French ministers. 298

0020 xxii

To Tobias Lear, June 25 His Alexandria rents. 299

To Tobias Lear, June 26 Confidence in his accounts—Use of his money—Embarrassments are great. 300

To William Augustine Washington, June 26 His letter delayed—corn price—500 barrels annually. 301

To James Lloyd, June 27 The full correspondence with the French ministry must carry conviction to every mind. 303

To the Secretary of War, June 30 Uniform stars—Box of figures. 303

To the Secretary of War, July 4 His question—Unwillingness to leave his retirement—Principle actuating his life—-Three questions necessary to be answered—Observations on each—Cannot believe France will invade America—Public opinion on his assumption of command again—Selection of officers for the Army—The General Staff—Inspector General, Quartermaster General, and others—conditions under which he will take command—The President's letter. 304

To the President of the United States, July 4 Retirement—Will come forward in case of an actual invasion—French have been led to believe we are a divided people—The choice of general officers—The greatest circumspection should be used in appointing the General Staff. 312

To Ferdinando Fairfax, July 4 His dedication. 316

To Tobias Lear, July 4 Scow—Loan of $1,000—State of his papers—The annuity to the Alexandria Academy. 316

To Archibald McClean, July 4 Exchange of the tract below Wheeling for improved property in Alexandria—Value. 317

To the Secretary of War, July 5 His letter may be shown to the President—The choice of general officers all important—Reasons for a delay in appointment of the General Staff—Recommendation of Doctor Craik. 318

To Henry Philips, July 8 Thanks for pictures. 320

To Thomas Peter, July 8 Tobacco notes. 321

0021 xxiii

To Sir John Sinclair, July 10 Thanks for surveys—History of early wheat in America—The Egyptian wheat a failure. 321

To the Secretary of State, July 11 Hamilton's fitness for command—The President's attitude—Expectation of the invasion of the south by the French—General Pinckney should be considered—Washington's letter to the President. 323

To Reverend Jeremy Belknap, July 12 Subscriptions to his American biography. 327

To the President of the United States, July 13 His appointment as Lieutenant General and Commander in Chief—Conduct of France—The wise and prudent measures of his administration —Has determined to accept the appointment—Conditions and a reservation. 327

To Alexander Hamilton, July 14 Reservations with which he has accepted the command of the Army—Relies upon his cooperation—Action of Congress—Suggested appointments—Pinckney and Hamilton. 329

Proposed Arrangement of General and Other Officers, July 14 333

Answers to Queries of the Secretary of War, July 14 335

To Thomas Peter, July 15 Sale of tobacco. 336

To Archibald McClean, July 15 Exchange of properties—Fixing the valuations—Land on the Ohio. 336

To Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, July 15 Receipt of tobacco notes—Thanks for his trouble—Rent of Dunnington's land. 337

To Alexander Spotswood, July 15 Purchase of land by Mr. Short—Rough Creek land. 338

To Edward Carrington, July 15 Washington's appointment—Has named Carrington as Quartermaster General. 339

To William Hickman, July 15 Mr. Frignet. 341

To John Marshall, July 15 His return to America. 341

To Henry Hill, July 15 Has again consented to enter the service of his country—Conduct of the French Directory. 342

0022 xxiv

To Rawleigh Colston, July 16 Col. George Mercer's land—Matter taken in charge by the chancery court—Willingness to certify on the old deed. 343

To Henry Knox, July 16 Will command the Army—Relies upon his support—The question of major generals—Hamilton is designated second in command— Pinckney has the highest claims in the South—Former rank should be forgotten in the new army—Sends the arrangement made with the Secretary of War. 345

To James Marshall, July 16 His offer to act as aide—Does not believe the French will invade America. 348

To Peyton Short, July 16 Taxes on the Rough Creek lands. 350

To William Heth, July 18 His offer to act as aide—Conduct of the French. 351

To Oliver Evans, July 20 Has engaged his present miller. 352

To Julia Sargent Stevens Murray, July 20 Acknowledging her letter. 353

To Alice Delancey Izard, July 20 Mr. Izard's health—His appointment. 353

To John Tayloe, July 21 Pleased at his offer of services. 355

To the Secretary of War, July 22 Suggestions on the list of nominations—Carrington's fitness for the office of Quartermaster General—Sevier—Application of John Tayloe—Tallmadge and Ragsdale—Other applicants—Edward Rutledge fit to command the artillery. 356

To William Temple Broome, July 24 His application. 361

To Thomas Cadwalader, July 24 His application. 361

To Francis Corbin, July 24 His application. 362

To George Washington Parke Custis, July 24 Astonished at his question—His education. 363

To Doctor James Anderson, July 25 His literary work—Is again in public life—The reasons—Indignation against France—His gardener satisfactory. 364

0023 xxv

To the Secretary of War, July 25 Charles Fenton Mercer's application. 366

To Charles Fenton Mercer, July 25 Has sent his application to the Secretary of War. 366

To John Trumbull, July 25 Prints of the American Revolution—New scenes are opening—Has consented to become an actor in the great drama. 367

To the Secretary of War, July 27 The Grayheads—Presentation of colors by Mrs. Washington. 368

To William Hambly, July 28 Sends hams. 369

To Anthony MacHarg, July 28 His ability as a cavalry instructor—Refers him to the Secretary of War. 369

To the Secretary of War, July 28 Transmit applications for appointment. 370

To Judge Alexander Addison, July 29 Acknowledging a payment on Col. Matthew Ritchie's bond—Money disappointments—James Reed's Papers in the case. 370

To James Ashe, July 29 His application. 372

To Clement Biddle, July 29 Pictures from Mr. Savage—The encyclopædia—The old coach and table ornaments. 373

To the Secretary of War, July 29 Overwhelmed with applications, introductions, and recommendations—Would not a secretary be allowable?—Wishes to remain free from all engagements as to Qualifications required for them,—Quartermaster and adjutant generals—What progress has been made? 373

To the Secretary of War, July 30 Mr. MacHarg's application. 375

To John McDowell, July 30 Payment for Custh's tuition. 376

To James Shephard, July 30 Referring his project to the Secretary of the Navy. 376

To Richard Clough Anderson, July 30 Reports of Washington losing his land on the Little Miami—His title. 377

0024 xxvi

To the Secretary of War, July 31 Major Parker's ability. 378

To the Secretary of War, August 1 Captain Pearcy and Mr. Bent—James Shephard's letter. 379

To the Secretary of War, August 2 Uniform of the Grey heads—Supply of stationery. 380

To Tobias Lear, August 2 Lear's health—Presidency of the Potomac Company—Efforts to arrange his papers—Will Lear act as secretary to Washington—Fixing Lear's boys at school. 380

To Jonathan R. Wilmer, August 2 His offer to act as an aide. 382

To Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, August 2 Young Mr. Carroll's offer to act as aide—Considerations governing the selection of aides—Hopes that war will not come. 382

To Thomas Nelson, August 2 His offer to serve as aide. 384

To the Secretary of War, August 4 Doctor Brown, of Port Tobacco. 385

To the Secretary of State, August 4 Money paid him by Judge Addison. 385

To the Postmaster of Alexandria, August 4 Inefficiency. 386

To Josiah Dunham, August 4 Thanks for his oration. 386

To Edward Carrington, August 5 His acceptance of the office of Quartermaster General. 387

To William Heth, August 5 Qualifications of aides—Choice of them—Principles of the dispute with France. 388

To William Fitzhugh, August 5 Need of a riding horse—Description. 390

Memorandum August 6 Given to McClean. 391

To Archibald McClean, August 6 Potomac Company meeting at Gadsby's—Sends patent for 587 acres—Lease terms. 392

0025 xxvii

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, August 9 Knox's letter—Pinckney still has the preference—McHeary's unfitness for his responsibilities—Is kept in profound ignorance of what is being done—Hopes to bring Hamilton in contact with the Secretary—Delicacy must yield to expediency—Harper and aides—No foreigner will be a member of his family. 393

To Henry Knox, August 9 His letter has given disquietude and perplexity in the extreme—Misconceptions—How Washington received intelligence of his appointment—Could not have consulted him before nominating general officers—Hamilton's claims—The Major Generals—The new army—Why Lee commanded in 1794—There has been no “management” in the business to his knowledge—His friendship unchanged—No room for dissensions—Danger of local distinctions and little jealousies—Geographical distribution of appointments. 396

To Lewis Murarius, August 9 His offer to serve as an aide. 401

To the Secretary of War, August 10 An outspoken letter of advice—His solicitude relative to the formation of the Army—Is left in ignorance of appointments—His questions unanswered—His great interest at stake—Suggests calling the Inspector General into service—Easier to prevent than to rectify mistakes—Desires information on certain matters. 402

To the Secretary of War, August 10 Mr. Bent, Mr. Carter, and Mr. Lewis. 404

To William Vans Murray, August 10 His letters may have fallen into other hands—Little of interest in his retirement—Turpitude of the French nation—Called into service again—Spirit aroused of the people. 405

To Thomas Peter, August 12 Tobacco. 407

To Bushrod Washington, August 12 Mr. Nicholas's letter—Identity of John Langhorne. 408

To the Secretary of War, August 13 Pleasure at agreement of their sentiments—Major Tallmadge's expectations —Tin box addressed to Washington. 410

To Clement Biddle, August 13 Doctor Barton's note. 411

To the Secretary of War, August 13 Organizing and recruiting the 12 infantry regiments—Aid of the Inspector General and General Knox. 411

To David Stuart, August 13 Washington Custis's morbidity. 412

0026 xxviii

To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, August 15 Has received his volume on the Revolution—Wishes for peace and a good understanding between the two countries—Threatening attitude of France. 413

To Henry Gird, Junior, August 19 Sale of his Ohio land. 414

To Jacob Read, August 19 Supposed injury done George Izard—Military principles. 415

To Robert Morris, August 19 Purport of his letter will be communicated to Secretary of War—Yellow fever in Philadelphia. 417

To the Secretary of War, August 20 Mr. Hoops—Device for the colors ordered by Mrs. Washington. 418

To John Gassaway, August 20 His offer to serve as aide. 419

To Bushrod Washington, August 27 His illness—General Marshall's visit—The elections—His fictitious correspondent, John Langhorne. 419

To John McDowell, September 2 Illness—Course of studies for Custis—His indolence an obstacle—To be admonished. 421

To the Secretary of War, September 3 An attack of sickness—Difficulty of obtaining information of characters in the South—Distribution of regiments—General officers—Cavalry officers—Furnishing magazines—Regulations for the recruiting service—Rank of the major generals. 423

To James Athill, September 4 Thanks for sheep and exotic plants—Sends a ram and five ewes. 426

To Thomas Peter, September 4 Shipment of tobacco. 427

To Arthur Campbell, September 8 Pleased at the feeling of the militia officers of Washington County—Thanks for his suggestions. 428

To the Inhabitants of Greene County, in the State of Tennessee, September 8 Answer to their address. 429

To the Secretary of State, September 9 Thanks for confidential information—Discontent of General Knox—Correspondence with him—Knox's view of the matter—The President—Appointment of White and Sevier—Adjutant General—Aides-de-camp. 430

0027 xxix

To Clement Biddie, September 10 Fever in Philadelphia—Letter to the Board of Managers. 434

To William Jones and Board of Managers of the Marine and City Hospitals, September 10 Contribution to the suffering and unfortunate poor of Philadelphia. 435

To David Stuart, September 10 Mr. Anderson's wants—Personal mentions. 435

To Alexander White, September 12 Purchase of Lot 16 in Square 634—Queries respecting Lot 2 in Square 731—Building thereon—Plan. 436

To Daniel McCarty, September 13 Sale of his Kanawha lands—Terms—Ohio lands—McCarty's removal to the western country. 439

To the Secretary of War, September 14 Delay in recruiting plans—Its evil effects—Reasons for a fuller correspondence—Is left in ignorance of what is being done—The major generals—White's nomination—His reputation against it—Sevier—Small arms and artillery. 441

To Alexander Spotswood, September 14 Illness—Overseer—Rawlins and his testimonials—The question of wages—Richard Rhodes—Brookes, the carpenter—Names of officers of the Revolution. 443

To the Secretary of War, September 16 His disquietude and embarrassment—Wishes a copy of McHenry's letter to the President—May be obliged to refresh his memory on Washington's compact—Memorial of the secretaries. 447

To John McDowell, September 16 Mr. Custis will not return to college. 449

To John Francis, September 16 Building two houses in the capital city—Plan of them. 449

To Alexander Spotswood, September 24 Employment of Garrett as an overseer—Roger Farril and Brookes, the joiner—Thanks him for the characters of the revolutionary officers—Spotswood's plan—Letter to Garrett. 450

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, September 24 Rank of the major generals. 452

To Reverend G. W. Snyder, September 25 Acknowledging a volume—The Illuminati—Docs not preside over any Masonic lodge. 452

0028 xxx

To the President of the United States, September 25 Representation presented for consideration—Change Adams has made in the rank of the major generals—Appointment of an adjutant general—Was not consulted before his appointment—Could declare his views only after his nomination—Reasons for making stipulations as to the general officers and General Staff—Care taken to express the stipulations—How they have been disregarded by the President—The order of the major generals—Other appointments of questionable characters—His sole aim to obtain able coadjutors—The character of the war will differ materially from the last—Why was the order not altered before being submitted to the Senate?—Resolves of the Continental Congress as to rank not germane—Why they cannot control—Fitness of Hamilton—Knox's claims—General Pinckney—Spirit and enthusiasm of the people evaporating—Consequences of the delay—Wishes to be informed of his final determination. 453

To the Secretary of War, September 26 Delay of his letter—Letter to the President. 463

To the Secretary of the Navy, September 26 Creation of a navy—Advantages of the Potomac River for building ships—Security against attack—Location of a navy yard. 464

To Brigadier General William Washington, September 27 His appointment—Twelve regiments—Proper officers—Wishes names. 468

To William Russell, September 28 Ewes for his ram—Wheat and flour sent. 469

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, September 28 Checks in payment of the lot bought of Mr. D. Carroll—Estimate of his building costs—Other lots purchased. 470

To Reverend Zechariah Lewis, September 28 His illness—Now sends the information. 472

To Major General Henry Lee, September 29 Alternative payments—Property to be pointed out—Corn—Wishes to see him. 472

To the Secretary of War, September 30 Brawlers against the measures of government have become suddenly silent—Are desirous of obtaining commissions in the Army—Can as soon scrub a blackamoor white as change a professed Democrat—Is sufficiently important to inform McHenry thereof. 474

To the Secretary of State, October 1 Mr. Wolcott's representation to the President and Washington's letter will soon bring matters to a close. 475

0029 xxxi

To James Ross, October 1 Colonel Shreve's delinquency in payments. 475

To the Secretary of War, October 1 Can Washington, with propriety, retain his commission in the face of the President's conduct?—Desires to know the opinion of the Cabinet—Reported disgust of New England with Hamilton—Is Pickering hostile to Knox?—Would like a copy of Wolcott's letter to the President—Burn this. 476

To the Secretary of War, October 1 Thanks for his confidential letter—Evils consequent of the President's delay—Replenishing magazines at the expense of the recruiting service—Waste caused by militia—Choice between the two—Musket and bayonet—Clothing—Precarious ground on which Washington stands—Proper characters for officers in the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 477

To the President and Directors of the Bank of Pennsylvania, October 1 To deliver the judgment bond of Col. Israel Shreve to the Hon. James Ross. 480

To Israel Shreve, October 1 His bond to be put in suit. 480

To William Augustine Washington, October 3 Corn contract—Thanks for old documents relating to the family pedigree. 481

To William Herbert, October 4 A loan from the bank. 482

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, October 4 Cost of his houses in the capital exceeds his expectations. 483

To Landon Carter, October 5 Letters for him—His health. 484

To William Augustine Washington, October 5 General Lee's ways—Building houses in the Federal city. 484

To Andrew Elliot Belknap, October 8 Subscriptions—The American biography. 485

To William Herbert, October 8 The loan from the bank. 486

To Samuel Hodgdon, October 8 Receipt of writing paper. 486

0030 xxxii

To the Secretary of the Navy, October 9 Introducing Capt. John Spotswood. 486

Memorandum of Land Exchange, October 11 With James Welch. 487

To Reverend Samuel Knox, October 14 Declines his dedication. 487

To the Secretary of War, October 15 Unwilling to hazard a recommendation for the command of the Corps of Artillerists and Engineers—Edward Ruff edge and Major Rivardi—Regimental officers—Generals Pinckney, Washington, and Davie would make careful selections—State quotas of troops—Character of officers—Col William Smith. 488

Quota of Troops from the Southern States, October 15 491

To the Secretary of State, October 15 Desires information other than that contained in the newspapers—The embargo imposed by France—Gerry's panic and needed explanation of his conduct—Decline of Federalist influence in Maryland. 493

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, October 17 Mr. Blagden's statement—His proposal. 495

To Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, October 18 His arrival in America. 496

To the Secretary of State, October 18 Arrival of General Pinckney—Prospects of an actual invasion from France—Duplicity of Talleyrand—Propriety of Gerry's conduct—Rumored intention of the Lafayettes to visit America—Impropriety of the Prince Edward address—Object of the leaders. 496

To William Thornton, October 18 Mr. Blagden's contract—Scantling and plank—Foundations. 498

To the Committee of the South Carolina Society of the Cincinnati, October 20 Alteration of the ribbon of the society. 499

To Major General Alexander Hamilton, October 21 The President has signed the commissions in the order of Hamilton, Pinckney, Knox—Asks him to assist the Secretary of War without delay. 500

To the President of the United States, October 21 Mrs. Adams's health—Mr. North's appointment to the adjutant generalcy. 501

0031 xxxiii

To Rawleigh Colston, October 21 Taxes of his Kentucky lands. 501

To the Secretary of War, October 21 Correspondence—The President's suspicions of intrigue—McHenry's letter to the President—List of captains and subalterns—Answer to Wolcott's letter. 502

To the Secretary of War, October 21 The question of rank and Knox—Officers to the southward—Applications from the west—Applications through Members of Congress—The meeting of the major generals and Washington. 503

To Henry Knox, October 21 Washington's illness—Question of precedence—How the nominations were made and agreed to—Incidental rank—Command of separate corps in the last war—Wishes his cooperation—If Knox declines the major generalcy, would be glad to have him act as aide. 506

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, October 22 Cost of Blagden's work—Will agree to his terms—The contract—Payments. 508

To Thomas Marshall, Junior, October 22 Payment of taxes on Kentucky lands. 510

To Edward Carrington, October 22 Delay in appointment of officers—Requests Carrington, General Marshall, and Colonel Heth to name and rank officers in the States south of Maryland, including Kentucky and Tennessee—Lists sent them—General considerations. 511

To Henry Knox, October 23 Society of the Cincinnati matter—Meeting of the major generals. 513

To the Secretary of War, October 23 General Pinckney's acceptance—Meeting of the major generals. 514

To Brigadier General William Richardson Davie, October 24 Delay in appointing officers—Selection of officers for the North Carolina regiment—Sends list of revolutionary officers—Principles of selection. 515

To the Officers of the Tenth and Ninety-first Regiments of the Virginia Militia, October 24 Answer to their address. 517

To Thomas Law, October 24 Sends check for his subscription to the loan to Tunnicliff for erecting an hotel. 518

0032 xxxiv

To Reverend G. W. Snyder, October 24 Spread of doctrines o[ the Illuminati—Not connected with freemasonry. 518

To the Secretary of State, October 26 Welcome acceptance by General Pinckney—Correspondence between the Department of State and the State governors—Gerry's inexcusable secret negotiations—His vanity may prevent an explanation. 519

To the Secretary of War, October 26 Pleasure in General Pinckney's declaration. 520

To Richard Bland Lee, October 27 His application. 521

To the Commissioners of the District of Columbia, October 27 Agreement with Blagden. 521

To William Thornton, October 28 General Lee's property in the city—Use o[ Washington's end wall—A well—Payments to Bingalen—Building details. 522

River Front Wall, October At Mount Vernon. 524

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

The following symbols have been used to denote the place of deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress:

Indicating that the letter is in Washington's own handwriting *

Chicago Historical Society [CH.H.S.]

Clements Library, University of Michigan [C.L]

Connecticut Historical Society [C.H.S.]

Harvard College Library [HV.L]

Haverford College [HD.C.]

Historical Society of Pennsylvania [H.S.P.]

Huntington Library [H.L.]

John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island [J.C.B.]

Maine Historical Society [M.H.S.]

Maryland Historical Society [MD.H.S.]

Massachusetts Historical Society [MS.H.S.]

J.P. Morgan Library [M.L.]

New Hampshire Historical Society [N.H.H.S.]

New York Historical Society [N.Y.H.S.]

New York Public Library [N.Y.P.L]

New York State Library [N.Y.S.L.]

Rhode Island Historical Society [R.I.H.S.]

Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati [R.I.S.C.]

Society of the Cincinnati [S.C.]

University of Chicago Library [U.C.L]

University of Pennsylvania Library [U.P.]

Virginia Historical Society [V.H.S.]

Virginia State Library [V.S.L.]

THE WRITINGS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, August 4, 1797.

Dear Sir: In a late letter from the Attorney General (Lee) he has requested a copy of the opinion he gave relative to the recall of Mr. Monroe.

Among the Packages most likely (as I conceived) to produce it, I have searched for the original in vain; nor among these do I find the opinions of the Heads of Departments on various other subjects. How to account for this I am unable, unless the bundle containing them, which I once put into your hds. for a particular purpose was never returned, or left by Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge (who were employed in seperating and packing up my Papers) put them by mistake among the files which were intended for my Successor in Office.

I have not yet opened all my packages of Papers, nor can I do it until I have provided some place in which they can be deposited with safety; but I pray you to let me know whether the bundle I have alluded to was returned, or not, by you. Your answer may save a further search and some anxiety. 1 With very great esteem &c.

Pickering's answer (August 10) stated that he had two bundles of the abovementioned papers; that he would let the Attorney General take a copy of his opinion and then send the papers to Washington. Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers .

*To THE ATTORNEY GENERAL

Mount Vernon, August 4, 1797.

Dear Sir: Agreeably to my promise I have looked among those parcels which I conceived most likely to procure the Paper of which you required a copy, without the desired effect. How to account for it I am at a loss unless Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge (whom I employed to seperate and Pack up my files) may have left it, with Papers of a similar nature, which I also miss, with those designed for my Successor in Office.

I have not, nor is it in my power yet, to open all my packages; because I have no place to put them at this moment in a seperate State. When I do this, if I find the opinion you have given, in a certain case, among them a copy of it shall be transmitted to you. With great esteem etc.

To LAWRENCE LEWIS

Mount Vernon, August 4, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th ulto has been received, and I am sorry to hear of the loss of your servant; but it is my opinion these elopements will be MUCH MORE, before they are LESS frequent: and that the persons making them should never be retained, if they are recovered, as they are sure to contaminate and discontent others. I wish from my soul that the Legislature of this State could see the policy of a gradual Abolition of Slavery; It would prevt. much future mischief.

Whenever it is convenient to you to make this place your home I shall be glad to see you at it for that purpose and that there may be no misunderstanding in the matter, I shall inform you beforehand, that you, servant (if you bring one) and horses, will fare in all respects as we and mine do, but that I 0037 3 shall expect no Services from you for which pecuniary compensation will be made. I have already as many on wages as are sufficient to carry on my business, and more indeed than I can find means to pay, conveniently. As both your aunt and I are in the decline of life, and regular in our habits, especially in our hours of rising and going to bed, I require some person (fit and Proper) to ease me of the trouble of entertaining company, particularly of nights, as it is my inclination to retire (and unless prevented by very particular company, always do retire) either to bed, or to my study, soon after candle-light. In taking these duties (which hospitality obliges one to bestow on company) off my hands, it would render me a very acceptable service, and for a little time only, to come, an hour in the day, now and then, devoted to the recording of some Papers which time would not allow me to complete before I left Philadelphia, would also be acceptable. Besides there is nothing at present, that would require any portion of your time, or attention, both of which, if you have inclination for it, might be devoted to Reading, as I have a great many instructive Books, on many subjects, as well as amusing ones, &c. &c &c

Your Aunt unites with me in best regards for you, and I am your sincere friend and Affectionate Uncle. 2

From the printed text in a sales catalogue, 1890.

*To SIR EDWARD NEWENHAM

Mount Vernon, August 6, 1797.

Dear Sir: I am so much your debtor in the epistolary way, that it would upbraid me too severely was I to go into a particular acknowledgment of the receipt of all the letters with which you have honoured me in the course of the last two or three years: and avoiding this accustomed mode, I scarcely 0038 4 know how to begin my letter to you, or what apology to make for so long a silence.

As honesty however (in every transaction of life) is in my estimation, the best policy, I shall frankly declare to you, that soon after I entered upon the duties of my late station, I found that the multiplicity thereof allowed no leisure for the indulgence of private correspondencies; and having made it an invariable rule through life, to discharge every trust I engaged in, in behalf of the public, to the utmost of my judgment and abilities, I did not hesitate long in determining to relinquish the latter. I supposed, too, that when I should quit the arduous duties attached to the Presidency of this Country and return to the walks of private life, that I should have found abundant leizure to discharge all my epistolary obligations; but here also I have, hitherto, been disappointed; for my long absence from home (except in short occasional visits, which allowed no opportunities to look into the state of my personal concerns, and buildings) has so deranged matters which related thereto, and has committed such depredations thereon, as, at no period have I found closer employment than in the last five months I have been at home, to repair the damages: and this will continue to be the case for sometime to come.

I am now seated in the shade of my own Vine and Fig tree, and shall devote the remainder of a life, nearly worn out to such Agricultural and rural amusements as will afford employment for myself, and cannot, or ought not, to give offence to any one; offering while I am on this Theatre, my sincere vows that the ravages of war, and the turbulance of passions; may yield their sceptors to Peace and tranquillity that the world may enjoy repose.

Having withdrawn myself from the scenes of political life, Politics will not be the theme for my letters; and having little 0039 5 to relate from the humbler, and placid walks into which I am now entered, that would be interesting or amusing to a person who is engaged in important matters, I shall only add that I have the honor etc.

*To ARCHIBALD McLEAN

Mount Vernon, [August] 3 7, 1797.

Misdated by Washington, July.

Sir: I know nothing of the Bond of which you speak, in your letter of the 4th instant. If any such is in my possession unsettled (which by the bye) I do [illegible], it must, by frequent shiftings and removals, have got so out of place as to render it impracticable for me to find; as there is no such bond where it ought to be, if I had it. By my books, I find the account of Mr Jas Kirk thus stated. To bale. of yr. acct. on my Mill Book £58.7.10¼ Cr. Settled by the Assignmt. of a Bond of Magee's 58.7.10¼ So far as my memory serves me, the Bond was inadequate to discharge the above bale. with the interest due thereon; but as it was with difficulty I could get any thing, and this was likely to be the whole , it was taken and recd. in discharge, and the Bond given up; for the name of Magee is not to be found in my Book of A/c. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L]

*To NATHANIEL RAMSEY

Mount Vernon, August 11, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your layouts of the 20th. Ulto. and 7th. instant have both been received; the last yesterday.

If nothing happens to prevent it, I will dispatch a light Cart (not being disposed to lead the Calf the whole distance this warm weather) for Mr. Lloyds present; and two or three sheep 0040 6 from Mr. Gough, if he has of the sort I want, to dispose of. The Cart will leave this on Monday, and probably be at Baltimore on Tuesday.

In the meantime, if you should perchance see Mr. Gough, you would do me a favour to ask if he has [any] of the Cape sheep to dispose of, that he would recommend for breeding from, the broad tail Sheep is the kind I want. If he has, a ram, and one or two ewe Lambs of his best I would take, at his own price. If he has none, my Cart would have no occasion to proceed there.

For your kind attention to my late request I pray you to accept my thanks, and with great esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To HENRY DORSEY GOUGH

Mount Vernon, August 13, 1797.

Sir: Having occasion to send a light carriage to Baltimore, I have directed the person (Mr. Jno. Anderson son of my Manager) who has charge of it, to call upon you and get a ram, and two ewe lambs of the Cape (broad tail) Sheep, if you have any to dispose of, and such as you would recommend for breeding.

I want them on account of the Mutton, and if the Ram was of the size and age to serve a score or more ewes this season, it would be desirable. If Mr. Anderson succeeds in his application for these sheep, the cost of them shall be paid to your order on demand. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To NATHANIEL RAMSEY

Mount Vernon, August 13, 1797.

Dear Sir: The bearer, Mr. Jno. Anderson, son of my Manager (with a light carriage) is sent for the calf from the Eastern 0041 7 shore, and the sheep mentioned in my last, if Mr. Gough has them to spare. If you have not seen that Gentleman, and learnt that Andersons going to him would be fruitless, he is directed to proceed with the letter of which he is possessed, for Mr. Gough.

I would thank you for causing the enclosed advertisement 4 to be inserted three times with the interval of a week between each, the expence of which I will pay the Printer as soon as it is made known to me. Mrs. Washington is greatly distressed and fatiegued from the want of such a character as I am inviting.

This advertisement for a competent housekeeper at $150 per annum, or in place of a housekeeper a house steward to act as a butler, was first published in the Federal Gazette and Baltimore Advertiser of Aug. 17, 1797.

Does the Baltimore Telegraph come under the description of a Democratic Paper? or what is its character and reputation? With great esteem, etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To REVEREND ZECHARIAH LEWIS 5

He was a tutor at Yale College, New Haven, Conn.

Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.

Sir: Your favor of the 17th. Uko came safe, but a good while after date. For the Sermons you had the goodness to send me I pray you to accept my thanks. The doctrine in them is sound, and does credit to the Author.

It does, indeed, give me pleasure to have such Sentiments as Mr. Custis has expressed to you, transmitted to me; and it would render him and all his friends an acceptable Service if in your letters to him you would endeavor to stimulate his pride, to impress upon his mind the advantages to be derived from education, and the wishes of his friends that he may turn 0042 8 out a finished Scholar, and finally that this is no otherwise to be accomplished than by close application and a continuation at College.

To overcome an indolent temper, amusements, at present innocent but unprofitable, and to excite him to exert the talents which he possesses, constitute the difficulty at present . By and by perhaps, bad example, or the advice of dissipated young men, may increase it considerably. He has, I know, a friendship and regard for you, and I am persuaded your opinion on these topics would have a happy effect. With esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.

Dear Sir: It is a little out of time, to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 9th ulto, but “better late than never,” and one object in doing it, is to pray you to thank Mr. Bordley in my name, for the work he had the goodness to send me, through the channel of your conveyance.

I presume the affair of Mr. Blount will lye dormant until the Committee of Congress make Report at the ensuing Session. It will be to be regretted, much , if this business is not probed to the bottom. That Government may not sleep or be forgotten in the meantime, I perceive Mr. Monroe has opened a Battery; but if his subsequent fire does no more injury than the first, his Artillery will recoil upon himself. 6

Pickering had written (August 9): “Mr. Monroe has anticipated me in furnishg. you, by his publication in the news-papers, the correspondence between us on the subject of his demanding the reasons of his recall. After such a solemn demand, so zealously maintained, and after such professions of candour, I did not imagine he would have had the folly to avow, as in his last letter, that he in fact wanted no information on this point: proving, what I supposed was his real object at first, that he made the demand in order to be denied . I kept a table ready for him in my office during a week, while I expected him to review his correspondence with the department: but he has never called, altho' he stated this as necessary for his information in his intended vindication.” Pickering's letter is in the Washington Papers .

0043 9

It had escaped me, until reminded by a re-perusal of some of your first letters, that my Table ornaments and Coolers were in your possession. Not for the value of the thing, but as a token of my friendship and as a remembrancer of it, I ask you, Colonel Pickering, and Mr Wolcott to accept, each one of the two bottle Coolers; I think there are three of them. the other articles I pray you to have carefully packed (the Porcelain in fine Saw dust) and sent to Colo. Biddie, who will be directed what to do with them, and will pay the cost of packing.

What is the character of Porcupine's Gazette? I had thought when I left Philadelphia, of ordering it to be sent to me; then again, I thought it best not to do it; and altho' I should like to see both his and Bache's, the latter may, under all circumstances, be the best decision, I mean not subscribing to either of them.

Mrs. Washington and Miss Custis thanks you for your kind remembrance of them; and unite with me in best regards for Mrs McHenry, yourself and family. With much truth I am etc.

P.S. I shall rely on you to present the Coolers in my name to the Gentlemen above mentd. Since writing the letter which encloses this scrap, I have determined to let the Table ornaments and large Coolers go into the hands of Colo. Clement Biddle unpacked, to see if he can dispose of them; and I pray you to cause them to be delivered in that manner accordingly.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.

Dear Sir: Not having any thing to communicate of sufficient moment to give you the trouble of receiving a letter from me, I have delayed until now, to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 10th. and 25th. Ulto.

0044 10

When I left Philadelphia, Mr. Lear and Mr. Dandridge who remained, were directed to dispose of my Household furniture (such parts I mean as were not packed for a removal to this place) but from some misapprehension the Ornaments of my dining Table, and some Plated bottle Coolers, were not disposed of as were expected; but left in the care of Mr. McHenry (Secretary of War) subject to future orders, when they came away.

I have now to request that you will receive these from him, and if you can, to dispose of them (one of the Coolers excepted, concerning which I will write to you some time hence) on the best terms you can. it is not probable that any one, unless the Presidt. or any of the foreign Ministers should be so disposed, would take the whole of course to retail them, would be the most likely means of getting them off.

The articles you will receive, if I mistake not, will consist of two four bottle Coolers. A Platteau in nine pieces. three large groupes with glasses over them, two vases, and twelve small single figures, of Porcelain.

The Invoice of the Platteau I am unable, at present, to come at; but that of the figures is enclosed, as is the ones which contains the Cost of the Coolers, which were never used; there being four, originally, and two were found sufficient to answer my purposes.

I do not expect, notwithstanding they are new, that the one offered for Sale will fetch the cost, and the other things I am certain will fall much below it, as they have not only been used, but the Porcelain in some of its nicest parts, is injured. Although I have not been able to find the cost of the Platteau I have a memorandum which informs me that they stand me in 486 Livres in Paris exclusive of all the subsequent charges of transportation from thence to Havre, freight Insurance duty &ca &ca.

0045 11

I send the Invoices for the satisfaction of yourself, and any who may be inclined to purchase; when this purpose is answered they may be returned to me.

Will you be so good as to ask Mr. Dobson 7 if there are no more Volumes of the American Edition of the Encyclopaedia out: the 16th is the last I have received, and inform him at the sametime, that it is my wish that my second Sett (for I subscribed for two setts to encourage his undertaking the work) was neatly bound and sent to me, having given away the sett in Boards. With esteem etc.

Thomas Dobson, a Philadelphia printer. He published the British Encyclopedia in 20 volumes.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To WILLIAM PEARCE

Mount Vernon, August 14, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 24th of July has been received, and I thank you for your ready compliance with my request; but recollecting how I was served last year, I must remind you, that the season will not allow me to wait long for your decisive answer, especially too, as persons are now applying in this quarter.

I must repeat in this, what I said, or meant to say in my last, that is, that I do not wish you to enter into any engagement that will be binding on me; but to make enquiry for such an Overseer as you know would suit me; know precisely the lowest terms on which he could be obtained for Union Farm; and give me as speedy notice thereof as is in your power. Mr. Anderson seems to think that one man may Overlook both Union and Dogue-run Farms for the wages of Sixty pounds, but whether this would be more eligable than two at about £70 or £75 between them is questionably, as there are few Negroes 0046 12 who will work unless there be a constant eye on them, or who will not slight it if there is not this eye.

The fallow fields at Union and Dogue-run farms looked well at Harvest; and I believe will yield well, but the Hessian fly had made an attack upon the latter which had injured it in some degree. Next year I expect this attack will be much more formidable, which is one reason why I propose to encrease my seeding with Rye, considerably this Fall. I perceived no difference between the French plowed part and the parts adjoining from hence the inference is that it was attended with no advantage; in the last Crop at least.

We have been as wet latterly as we were dry before; which, to me, has produced both good and evil. My Corn is much amended by it, but my Hay ruined; and I have had Wheat injured in the Stack. I am glad to hear that your Crop has, and promises to be, tolerable good. But am sorry that your own, and daughter Nancy's indispositions continue.

A small bag of Rye-grass seeds came here without any letter. We guessed from whence it came, but was not certain until some time after, when your letter announced it. For sending it I thank you, and if several bushels of the Seed could be purchased and sent to me, I would with pleasure pay the cost to your order.

Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family are as usual, and I am 8

From the printed text in M.D. Conway's George Washington and Mount Vernon , Long Island Historical Society Memoirs (vol. 4).

*To REVEREND NEWBURGH BURROUGHS

Mount Vernon, August 20, 1797.

Sir: I have received your letter of the 22d May last, from Belfast; and wish it was in my power to give you a more satisfactory 0047 13 statement of the decd. Mrs. Savage's affairs in this country than I am about to detail.

True it is I was one of that unfortunate lady's trustees, and as true, that while I was in a situation to render her any services I performed them (jointly with the other trustee) as far, and as fast as the tedious delays of our Courts would suffer justice to be administered.

But from the year 1774 until the beginning of the year 1784, it was not in my power to attend to hers, or any private concerns of my own, being absent from this State (Virginia) eight years of the time; during the whole of which, and for sometime after, I believe there was a suspension of all law and all justice, except such as proceeded from a sense of honour, the last of which was no trait in the character of Doctr. Savage, husband of the Lady, for of all ingrates he was the most ingrateful.

While alive, and the Courts were open, he had recourse to all the chicaneres of Law, and all the subterfuge of Lawyers to avoid paying her annuity; and since his death, his Estate, if any, for there are various opinions concerning it, and much contention arising therefrom, would render it uncandid were I not to add, especially as the heirs of his Security (also dead) have pleaded the want of Asserts that it is my opinion, strengthned by the Report of the Revd. Mr. Fairfax, the other Trustee (who I believe has done all that circumstances would permit) that little is to be expected from the prosecution of this business.

The Suit is still going on, but without sufficient means to support it from hence, and the circumstances already mentioned, it has too much the appearance of throwing away good money after bad, to proceed. So far as I have an individual interest in the matter, the hope of a return of the money which 0048 14 I advanced Mrs. Savage in her distress, when it was not in the power of her Trustees to force payment of the Annuity, and other expenditures in common with Mr. Fairfax, has vanished long since.

Having but lately returned home from a second eight years absence, which with many interruptions for public purposes between while, has prevented my taking active share in this business for upwards of twenty years, I have given it as my opinion to Mr. Fairfax, that it would be best to offer a percentage, or a good fee to the Lawyers prosecuting the Suit for the Claimants under Mrs. Savages Will, for all they can recover on this account; and to receive nothing unless they do, by way of Stimula to their exertions: What effect this will have, or whether any, remains to be decided. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JOHN SEARSON

Mount Vernon, August 20, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 2d. instt. came duly to hand, and I wish with all my heart you could meet with such employment as your talents are suited to; but if you cannot obtain this in Philadelphia where your character is best known, it is not likely you would succeed better where you are less acquainted, and in places less populous. There is none within my view, in this quarter, in any of the lines to which you allude; and if you look for any thing in a public way you are already in the best situation to make the application with a prospect of Success, as the President will, unquestionably, require the best testimonials that can be obtained of your fitness for Office and these can only be had from those to whom you were known. If you are pleased to send one of your Poems to me Colo. Biddle will receive, pay, and forward it, to Sir, Yr. etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Mount Vernon, August 21, 1797.

My dear Sir: Not for any intrinsic value the thing possesses, but as a token of my sincere regard and friendship for you, and as a remembrancer of me; I pray you to accept a Wine cooler for four bottles, which Colo. Biddle is directed to forward from Philadelphia (when with other articles it was left) together with this letter, to your address.

It is one of four, which I imported in the early part of my late Administration of the Government; two only of which were ever used.

I pray you to present my best wishes, in which Mrs. Washington joins me, to Mrs. Hamilton and the family; and that you would be persuaded, that with every sentiment of the highest regard, I remain your sincere friend etc. 9

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, August 21, 1797.

Dear Sir: Since writing to you on the 14th Inst. I have received your letter of the 12th with the cost of the Picture frames and Glasses; to receive which soon would be convenient and agreeable to me.

The large Plated wine cooler reserved from sale in my last, I pray you to have carefully packed up and sent with the letter enclosed by a safe conveyance to Colo. Hamilton of New York.

I am in want of an open stove for a room that has no fire place in it. this stove is intended to stand crosswise an angle in a Garret room and must have a conductor from the upper part thereof into the flue of the adjoining Chimney. An Iron 0050 16 hearth and a fender to suit the same of a cheap kind must accompany it.

Enclosed I have endeavoured to describe in a parallel sketch my idea of the kind and size I want; but if this should be imperfectly understood I wou'd then ask you to look into what was my private study (over the bathing room) in the house I occupied in Philadelphia. I do not however see any occasion for the second turn wch that Pipe takes; and which probably is the cause of its smoking; an evil to be avoided if possible.

The sooner I could receive this Stove the more convenient it would be; as the room into which it is to be placed is now in hand.

I presumed when the Congress exempted me from postage of letters it was intended that I should be placed on the ground I formerly stood; that is, that letters to and from me should pass free : if it is not so understood and you are charged postage for the letters I address to you it is my desire that this postage should be paid at my cost as it was not my intention for the trifling and troublesome business you transact for me to saddle you therewith. With Esteem etc. 10

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To HENRY DORSEY GOUGH

Mount Vernon, August 23, 1797.

Sir: I feel, sensibly, your kind and polite attention to me, in the presentation of a bull calf of your improved breed . A very fine one indeed it is, and merits my particular thanks, which I pray you to accept.

My Stock of all sorts has been much neglected during my eight years residence from home, and will take more time than in the usual course of Nature will be allowed me, to improve 0051 17 them much ; but with the means you have been so good as to furnish me, and other aids, I shall, by proper attention, put my black cattle into a way of improvement.

I am sorry to hear of the disease and consequent degeneracy of your Sheep. Before I left home in the spring of 1789 1 had improved that species of my stock so much as to get 5¼ lbs of Wool as the average of the fleeces of my whole stock; and at the last shearing they did not yield me 2½ lbs. By procuring (if I am able) good Rams and giving the necessary attention, I hope to get them up again; for they are with me, as you have declared them to be with you, that part of my stock in which I most delight. With esteem and regard I have the honor etc.

[N.Y.P.L]

To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, August 23, 1797.

Dear Sir: I am extremely sorry to find by yr. letter of the 17th instant and the Philadelphia Gazettes of that date, that the yellow fever has again made its appearance, and devoutly wish that it may soon be removed from your City.

Your motive for delaying the sale of my Table furniture is not only good as it respects the yellow fever but if you think any advantage would result from the measure it might be delayed until the assembling of Congress in Philadelphia some of the members might incline to become purchasers if the articles are retailed. Be so good as to ask Mr. Simmons what he has done with my old Coach and make the most you can of it. I will wait the publication of all the Vols. of the Encyclopedia before the Sett intended for my use is bound, but could wish to know when this may be expected, as I no longer possess the sett which are in boards. With esteem etc. 11

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, August 29, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favours of the 9th, l0th, and 19th instant have been duly received; for your care of my European letters, and attention to the copying Press, Laws of the U.S. and journals of Congress, I feel myself obliged. If the Vessel has not already left Philadelphia, the Tryal, Captn. Hand, is up for Alexandria; and will afford a good conveyance for the above articles, as it has other small matters on board for me.

Colo. Monroe passed through Alexandria last week; but did not honor me by a call. If what he has promised the public does him no more credit than what he has given to it, in his last exhibition, his friends must be apprehensive of a recoil.

From a variety of accounts, as well as from extracts you had the kindness to send me, I have no doubt of a change in the sentiments of the People of France favourable to the interests of this Country; but I can scarcely believe that it will be so great, or so sudden as some imagine. Candour is not a more conspicuous trait in the character of Governments, than it is of Individuals. It is hardly to be expected then, that the Directory of France will acknowledge its errors; and tread back its steps immediately . This would announce, at once, that there has been precipitancy, and injustice in the measures they have pursued; or that it was incapable of judging, and had been deceived by false misrepresentations. Pride would be opposed to all these, and I can scarsely think the Directory will relinquish the hold it has upon those who, more than probable, have suggested, and promoted the measures, they have been pursuing. I rather suppose that it will lower its tone by degrees and (as is usual) place the change to the credit of French magnanimity . The report, as coming from Captn. Towers, that General 0053 19 Pinckney had been invited to Paris by the Minister of Foreign Affairs attached itself in its passage to Philadelphia or passing through different hands; for General Lee (who hearing various reports of what the Captn. had related of his conversation with the General) went on board the Saratoga and got the details, without any mention of that fact, which wd. have been of too much importance for omission.

That the statement of facts in the printed letter to Genl. Pinckney will work conviction, and produce a change of conduct in those who are desirous of information, and not obstinately bent upon wrong measures, I have no doubt, and I can say with truth, that my mind has never been alarmed by any fears of a war with France. I always knew that this Government had no desire to go to war with that, or any other Country, and I as firmly believed that no Power, without a semblance of justice wd. declare war against it. That France has stept far beyond the line of rectitude cannot be denied; that it has been encouraged to do so by a party among ourselves, is, to my mind, equally certain; and when it is considered, moreover, that enriching themselves, and injuring Great Britain were the expected consequences of their Spoliations, I could account, (though not on honourable principles in them) for their going to a certain point, but I never did believe that they would declare an open war against us, or compel us, if they foresaw that would be the result, to declare it against them.

Enclosed you will receive, if this letter gets safe, $35 in bank notes of the United States; and it would add to my convenience if Mr Taylor would be so obliging as to have the press fixed for copying: for as the use of one was not practiced by me I may be at a loss in doing it. I do not mean that it should be accompanied by a Table, but board only between the Rollers, as the screws which I have to a small press, will I presume 0054 20 answer for the other, I wou'd pray him also (if the press is still with him) to use it, and that if there be any imperfection, that it may be corrected before it comes hither, as I should be unable to do it afterwards. With very great esteem etc.

*To THOMAS MACDONALD

Mount Vernon, August 29, 1797.

Sir: Your favor of the 19th, and the Vole. of Reports 12 which accompanied it, have been duly received. For your care of the latter, and particularly for having it bound, I pray you to accept my best thanks; and an assurance that, if inclination or business should induce you or Mr. Rich to visit the State of Virginia, I should think myself honored in seeing of you at my Seat.

Of the British Board of Agriculture.

Little doubt can be entertained of harmonious proceedings in any business, where men of character and honor, well disposed to do justice, are appointed to conduct it. That this is the case as it respects the Commissioners 13 under the Sixth Article of the Treaty between this country and Great Britain, I am persuaded; and that the fair and liberal decisions of the Board will be a means to strengthen the good understanding which happily exists between the two Countries, while justice is administered to all, I sincerely hope. I have the honor etc.

Thomas Macdonald and Henry Pye Rich were the British Commissioners for carrying into effect the VIth Article of Jay's Treaty. They visited Mount Vernon Oct. 14–16, 1797.

To GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE CUSTIS

Mount Vernon, August 29, 1797.

Dear Washington: Your letter of the 21st. instant, came to hand by the last post, and as usual, gave us pleasure to hear 0055 21 that you enjoyed good health, were progressing well in your studies, and that you were in the road to promotion.

The senior class having left, or being on the point of leaving college, some of them with great éeclat, ought to provoke strong stimulus to those who remain, to acquire equal reputation, which is not otherwise to be done than by perseverance and close application; in neither of which I hope you will be found deficient.

Not knowing the precise time that the vacation commences, I have put under cover with this letter to Doctor Smith, forty dollars to defray the expenses of your journey; and both your grandmamma and myself desire that you will not think of doing it by water, as the passage may not only be very tedious, but subject to a variety of accidents, to which a journey by land is exempt; and as the yellow fever is announced from authority to be in Philadelphia we enjoin it on you strictly to pursue the route, and the direction which you may receive from the president of the college, to avoid the inconveniences and consequences which a different conduct might involve you and others in.

Although I persuade myself that there is no occasion for the admonition, yet I exhort you to come with a mind steadfastly resolved to return precisely at the time allotted, that it may be guarded against those ideas and allurements which unbend it from study, and cause reluctance to return to it again. Better remain where you are than suffer impressions of this sort to be imbibed from a visit, however desirous that visit may be to you, and pleasing to your friends, who will prefer infinitely your permanent good, to temporary gratifications; but I shall make all fears of this sort yield to a firm persuasion, that every day convinces you more and more of the propriety and necessity of devoting your youthful days in the requirement of that 0056 22 knowledge which will be advantageous, grateful, and pleasing to you in maturer years, and may be the foundation of your usefulness here, and happiness hereafter.

Your grandmamma (who is prevented writing to you by General Spotswood and family's being here) has been a good deal indisposed by swelling on one side of her face, but it is now much better. The rest of the family within doors are all well, and all unite in best regards for you, with your sincere friend and affectionate 14

From the printed text in Custis's Recollections of Washington .

*To THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO

Mount Vernon, August 31, 1797.

Dear Sir: Having just been informed of your safe arrival in America, I was on the point of writing you a congratulatory letter on the occasion, welcoming you to the land whose liberties you had been so instrumental in establishing, when I received your favour of the 23d instant from Philadelphia; for which, and the Packet that you had the goodness to bear from Sir John Sinclair, I offer you my thanks.

I beg you to be assured that, no one has a higher respect, and veneration for your character than I have; or one who more sincerely wished, during your arduous struggle in the cause of liberty and your country, that it might be crowned with Success. But the ways of Providence are inscrutable, and Mortals must submit.

I pray you to believe, that at all times, and under any circumstances, it would make me happy to see you at my last retreat; from which I never expect to be more than twenty miles again. With great esteem, I remain &c.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, August 31, 1797.

Dear Sir: The last Mail brought me your favour of the 24th instant, covering a letter from General Kosciuszko. And presuming that the Attorney General is on his way to Virginia, I hope to receive soon, the Packets you committed to his charge. Not knowing where Genl Kosciuszko may be I pray your care of the enclosed to him as it is probable his movements will be known to you.

It is with extreme regret I hear of the Yellow fever being in Philadelphia and that so many families will be incommoded by a removal from it. Will it not render the meeting of Congress at that place uncertain? I sincerely hope that you may all escape, by steering clear of the malady.

With great esteem etc.

P.S. Hearing that Mr. Monroe's production is in the Press, I wd. thank you for a copy so soon as it issues from thence.

*To ISRAEL SHREVE

Mount Vernon, September 1, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 30th. of July has been received but not untill within the last three days. Your judgment Bond was, long before, sent to Mr. Ross to bring suit on. What he has done in the matter I know not.

To sue, cannot be more unpleasant and disagreeable to you, than it is to me; but as the want of money, and a punctual payment of it, were the only motives to sell my lands in the Counties of Fayette and Washington, so a disappointment in these must defeat the objects which I had in view, and has been the cause of the prosecution to which I have resorted.

0058 24

You could not be unacquainted with the nature of your contract for the land in Fayette county, nor with the tenor of your judgment Bond, given to fulfil it: of course, you must have known the amount of the Sums as they became due and that they were to be paid at the Bank of Pennsylvania on a certain day, by Instalments; why then would you trust to others to do your business; and by sending a little money by this, and a little by that man who knew not what to do with it when they got to Philadelphia, hazard the disappointments which followed? especially as that mode of payment was purposely guarded against in the contract, as one from whence I could derive no substantial benefit; whereas regular payment in the manner Colo. Richie has made them would have given me (although the land sold low) all the advantages I expected to derive from the Sale of those lands.

Not knowing what Mr. Ross has done in the premises, I know not what further to say in reply to your letter. If the arrearages are paid up, with interest to the time they became due; and the instalments regularly discharged afterwards, agreeably to the conditions of your Bond, it is all I require and all I can wish; for far is it from my desire to embarrass, or injure your character by a Law Suit: but if punctuality is not observed on your part a Suit (for the reasons I have already assigned) will be the inevitable consequence. And I do now, in explicit terms declare that it will be of no avail to say that such an one is to pay so much another so much, and so on. I shall have nothing to do with any of them; because I shall expect each years Instalment will, by the time it becomes due be deposited in the Bank of Pennsylvania, and made liable to my draught. This is a very simple mode, and what I shall rigidly exact. I have no Agent in Philadelphia to whom I would give the trouble of receiving money, nor do I want partial sums lodged there. The amount of the Instalmts. must be known to you, and the times 0059 25 of their becoming due. My appropriations will correspond therewith. Nothing short of the whole sums will answer my purposes. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JAMES HARRISON 15

Of New York City.

Mount Vernon, September 2, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 25th Ulto. came to hand by the last Post.

The ground Rent of the lot I have offered to Lease, in Alexandria, is three dollars a foot, for what it measures on each Street. This I must obtain as an annual Rent or the lot will not be disposed of in that way. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To LAWRENCE AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON 16

Son of Samuel Washington.

Mount Vernon, September 3, 1797.

Dear Lawrence: Your letter of the 23d of the last, was received on the first day of the present month.

In the interesting event which you have announced, I sincerely wish you and the lady who is to be the partner of your future fortunes, all imaginable happiness. To attain which, depends very much upon the parties themselves: and from the character you have drawn of Miss Wood, and from what I have heard of it from others, I think your prospects are fair and pleasing.

If any substantial good could result from my becoming a guest at your Wedding, I would make exertions to be there; but as wedding Assemblies are better calculated for those who are coming in to , than to those who are going out of life, you must accept the good wishes of your Aunt and myself in place 0060 26 of personal attendance, for I think it not likely that either of us will ever be more than 25 miles from Mount Vernon again, while we are inhabitants of this Terrestrial Globe.

We offer our respects to the family with whom you are going to connect yourself, and in a particular manner I desire to be presented to the old lady, Grandmother of Miss Wood; for whom I have, and always had, a very high esteem and regard; present us also to your brother and his family. I remain, etc.

*To JOHN O'DONNELL

Mount Vernon, September 4, 1797.

Sir: I am going to take a liberty with you, for which I rely more on your goodness, than on any excuse I can make, for pardon.

A person of the name of Anthony Heusler, a German (in the vicinity of Baltimore) has offered himself to me as a Gardener. He professes to understand that business in all its branches, and well in each, representing himself moreover as a person of some property, and very sober. He adds that, his wife (about his own age) is a very decent woman, and capable of the duties of a Housekeeper.

Such characters would be useful to me at this time; but I told Mr. Heusler that I could not employ strangers, in either of those capacities, without ample testimonials of their qualifications; and with respect to himself that they must go to these points. 1. skill in the line of his profession. 2 Honesty. 3 Soberiety. 4 moral character generally. 5 orderly deportment, and 6. Industry; for although I usually employed two or three negroes under my hired Gardener, it was not for the purpose of exempting the latter from Manual labour.

For information respecting these matters, he has refered me to you; who he says has a knowledge of him from his having 0061 27 lived on some estate of yours. On this ground then it is, I am induced to ask the favour of you to give me the character of Mr. Heusler. It is not easy to conceive what his wife, to whom, according to his own account he has been married upwards of 20 years, can, from the station she has filled, without having previously acquired it, be well qualified for keeping such a house as mine but if she is neat in her person, sensible active, honest and spirited; and possesses any knowledge in cookery, she might be very useful to Mrs. Washington, notwithstanding.

I must again pray your excuse for the trouble this application must give and request that I may, as soon as is convenient, hear from you on this subject? 17 I am etc.

A copy of O'Donnell's answer (September 9), in the writing of William B. Sprague, is in the Washington Papers . Washington spells the name “O'Donald.”

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, September 6, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th Ult was received by the last Post.

As the Encyclopaedia might be useful, to have by me (though wanting the last Volume or two) I would if the binding business goes on as usual, request Mr. Dobson to have all that are published, neatly bound and sent to me, except the last Vole . which may be retained as a sample to bind the remainder by. I do not recollect, but suppose the receipts will show, whether he has been paid for both sets I subscribed for, or only one; be this as it may, he shall be satisfied on the delivery.

I feel very sensibly for the alarm of the Citizens of Philadelphia, and for the calamity brought on that place by the Yellow fever; and devoutly wish the speedy disappearance of it. With great esteem etc.

*To HENRY LEE

Mount Vernon, September 8, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 27th. Ulto. with its enclosures, came safe to hand.

When the negociable note for $1000 is paid, and the 30 barrels of Corn are received, the amount of both will be carried to your credit.

I am told that the present price of Wheat in Alexandria is 8/. but I can fix no price now for what may be delivered 2, 3, 4 or even 6 months hence, or perhaps, not at all (if you depend upon purchasing) in case of a rise; when there is no obligation to deliver a specific quantity, or at any specified time. All I can say on this subject is, that if you have Wheat of your own to dispose of, or can purchase and deliver it at my Mill, where, with my convenience of Boats and hands, it can be done as expeditiously as at Alexandria, I will allow, at the times of delivery , the full price that is given in cash at the latter place; more I cannot, less I do not wish to do, as the price of my flour must be regulated by the cost of the Wheat.

You cannot, I presume, be at a loss from the statement of the acct. between us, when you will recollect that $6,666 32/100 was, by agreement, with interest on the whole sum of $20,000; to have been paid me on the first day of december last; and that on the 27th. of Feby. following, you paid me seven hundred dollars in cash, and gave me Reed & Fords obligation to transfer 70 shares (a month after) in the Bank of Columbia; the value of which you estimated at 40 dollars each, when they were actually selling at that moment in the market, at, or near, 18 pr Ct. under par; by which I actually received no more than about $2300 in lieu of $2800; besides loosing a months 0063 29 interest on the last mentioned sum, for which my receipt was passed.

As the payments here mentioned, are all I have received, except 90 Barrels of Corn delivered the — day of last month at 21/8, I presume the object of your request must be to know in what light I view the payment of the 70 shares. I shall therefore frankly declare, that if a disinterested judge is to be found, who will say that I ought, under the circumstances which prevailed at the time, to loose the difference between the nominal and real price of the shares, I will never utter another word on the subject; if there is not, or if there are no other circumstances of which I am ignorant, I conceive you yourself will not think it reasonable, or just, that I should loose near $500 in the payment of $2800 when my sole motive for receiving these shares at all was (inconveniently for myself) to accommodate you.

You say you informed me at the time that they were selling a little under par, and as you have said, so I will admit it; though my hurried situation at that time leaves no trace thereof on my memory; while there are several facts which cannot have escaped yours: was it not more than once (without urging it ardently) I informed you I was in want of money to clear me out of Philadelphia properly, and was obliged at last to leave the City (without providing many articles of which my family stood in need of), that I had declined receiving Wilsons Notes when they were proposed because I could not depend upon converting them into cash; that the offer of Columbia stock, was late and unexpected, of course seeing no other prospect of obtaining any part of the Instalment; I took them as an accomodation to you; for it will not be denied that if I had been disposed to appropriate money to this use, I could, and would have been my own caterer, as I was coming to the City, that 0064 30 under these circumstances, hurried and perplexed at the close of the Session as I then was with Executive and Legislature business, and with the necessary attention to the change wch. was about to take place in my private concerns, afforded no leisure to inquire into the value of Columbia Bank Stock, even if I had attended to your information concerning it, and I should from a cursory enquiry only have been struck with no other idea than what occurs continually at the Bank of Alexandria, viz, that just before a dividend, the stock is a little above, and just after a little below its nominal Value.

I have expressed myself thus, because it comports with my ideas, of truth and justice and propriety; but I mean to enter in no contention, or dispute on the subject being with very great esteem and regard Dear Sir Your etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To TOBIAS LEAR

Mount Vernon, September 11, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th. instant 18 was given to me yesterday by Mr. Jno. Bassett.

It stated he would occupy the “Walnut Tree farm” in the fall and manage the River Farm from there. Lear's letter is in the Washington Papers .

If you had intimated a wish to Lease my River Farm a Month or two ago, all matters might, with ease, have been arranged before this; but as I had heard nothing in that time from the English Farmer who had been in Treaty for it, I had relinquished the idea of letting it next year, and in consequence, have engaged Stuart, Sown the principal part of my Winter Grain, and made all the necessary dispositions for the ensuing Season. I do not therefore, at this moment, see how they can be dispensed with. If upon further reflection however on the subject, and a consultation with Mr. Anderson, the measure can 0065 31 be gone into without involving difficulties which cannot be easily surmounted, you shall hear further from me on this subject. and learn more minutely the details of my Plan, and the conditions on which the Farm will be let; for these will be specific, and exacted from the Tenant whomsoever he may be.

If that Farm is not Rented next year, there is nearly a moral certainty (if I am alive) it will be so the year after: My object being, to reduce my income to a certainty; and to get relieved in my latter years (if I have any to pass) of the trouble and perplexities incident to such an estate as mine is, from the constitution of it.

Although nothing (except the Rent pr Acre) is definitely fixed in my own mind relative to the precise terms on which I propose to lease my Farms, yet, to give you a more comprehensive view of my ideas in this respect, I enclose you a printed Advertisement of them; published near two years since, my thoughts upon the subject at that period, and Mr. Anderson's sketch of a lease when application was made for River Farm by the Person before alluded to; that you may gather, from thence, the outlines of my views and intentions; but more particularly, that you might not be under a mistake with regard to the Fisheries (which have always been considered as distinct objects, although they might be omitted in the same lease), the slipes of old field without the present fences, and the Woodland; not an acre of which will be suffered to be cleared for the purpose of cultivation, nor a stick carried off the premises for any purpose whatsoever; nor used thereon except in the manner, and for the purposes which are mentioned in one or more of the enclosed Papers.

After perusing the manuscript ones, I beg they may be returned by the Post, as I have no copy of either.

With great esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, September 15, 1797.

Dear Sir: The Picture frames are received and without the smallest injury to the glasses, for the careful packing of which I feel myself obliged.

I pray you to send me four more gilt frames at a dollar a foot running measure for paintings, no glasses; the size of the frames to shew the canvass one foot 7¾ Inches by 1. 4¼ within the frame.

Upon a more careful examination of the Place which the stove written for some time since is wanted, I find I was not correct in the direction I then gave and have endeavoured now to explain it better by transmitting the exact form of the Room, shewing the angel in which the stove is to be fixed; the manner of fixing it and the exact size and proportions of the same with its relative situation to the Chimney (wall) and partition as mentioned in the Plan.

I have written thus far on a supposition that a Stove, has not been provided agreeably to the directions in my last, and provided also than one agreeably to the enclosed plan, without difficulty and without delay could be sent, but if the first is already procured, I would have it sent on without loss of time; if not and the one I am now furnishing a plan of could be substituted I would prefer it: nor should I object to both if the former is on hand and the latter could be obtained with ease and without much delay.

The first of Octr. will put you into the receipt of another quarters interest of my certificate otherwise I would forward money to you for the purpose of meeting the expences of those calls as it is by no means my wish or desire to run you into any advance for me or on my account. With esteem etc.

0067 33

PS. I wou'd thank you for causing the Advertisement herewith sent, to be inserted agreeably to the endorsation thereon, and for paying the expence for doing it. Send me the History of the United States (by whom I know not) but the one which contains Nos. 5 and 6 alluded to in Colo. Hamiltons late Pamphlet. 19

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

The pamphlet is known as the Reynold's Pamphlet. It was printed by John Bioren for John Fenno (Philadelphia: 1797) under the title Observations on Certain Documents Contained in Nos. V and VI of The History of the United States for the Year 1796 , etc.

*To GEORGE PEARSON 20

Clerk of the Peace of Durham, England.

On September 20 Washington wrote to Augustine Davis, publisher of the Virginia Gazette and General Advertiser , at Richmond, and to Matthew Brown and Leonard Yundt, publishers of the Federal Gazette and Baltimore Daily Advertiser , Baltimore, requesting the insertion of an advertisement for the sale of covering jacks, descendants of “Royal Gift” and sundry horses and mares. This letter and the text of the advertisement, which was signed by James Anderson, manager, is in the New York Public Library.

Mount Vernon in Virginia, September 15, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 12th. of May has been received, but not until within these few days: to which you will please to consider the following as a reply.

Having been long in public life, and but little in this State for the last five and twenty years; and moreover having had but very little agency in the Administration of the deceased Colo. Thomas Colvils affairs even antecedant thereto, no consideration short of being the surviving Executor of his Will and the imperious necessity occasioned thereby of bringing matters to a close, could possibly have induced me to resume any Agency therein.

Under these circumstances however, I have at all times, of late, when it was in my power, used my best endeavours to have the accounts closed, in order to ascertain the surplus which that Gentleman had bequeathed to the nearest relations of his Mother, of the names of Stott, Wills, Richardson and Catharine Smith, of Durham; or their decendants: and with much difficulty and the aid of a Gentleman (Mr. Keith) well acquainted with this sort of business, have accomplished it, as you may see by having recourse to a notification in the London 0068 34 Gazette of December last consequent of a decree of the high Court of Chancery in this State.

The persons just named, or those claiming under them, may, perhaps, be disappointed at the smallness of the sum, viz, nine hundred and thirty two pounds seventeen shillings an seven pence three farthings, estimating dollars at Six shillings; which, upon the final settlement was found to be the surplusage of the Testators estate after his Debts and special legacies were discharged; but if they will advert to the clause of the Will under which they claim, and which was published in England many years ago, there ought not to be any surprize, as it there appears that the Testator himself was in doubt whether there would be any overplus at all .

The reason why that sum (now actually in the Bank of Alexandria) was submitted to the decision and disposition of the Chancellor, was, because there had been so many claims exhibited; of so vague a nature; and some of them accompanied by such unjust and indecent insinuations, that I did not incline to enquire into the merits of the respective claims, or to become responsible for the distribution of the Money. All those who have pretentions under the Will to a Share of the before mentioned sum, will now know where to send their proofs; and to receive an order for their proportion of the Devise, having nothing more to do in the matter myself. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To ANTHONY HEUSLER

Mount Vernon, September 18, 1797.

Mr. Heusler: I should have written to you at an earlier period, but for the following reasons.

First, because as I informed you, I had written to Scotland for a complete Gardner under Indentures; and expected every day to learn the result of my application. I could not therefore, 0069 35 enter into engagements with another without hazarding a disappointment to one of the parties, or a surplusage of men in that line, which would have been useless, and inconvenient to myself; and secondly, because I requested you not to forego any other plan you might have in contemplation, while I remained in the state of incertitude I had expressed to you.

I have now, within a day or two, received a letter from the Gentleman to whom I applied in Scotland, to engage me a Gardener, promising that he wd. endeavour to comply with my request, and hoped he should succeed; thus, the matter stands on uncertain ground yet.

The presumption however is, that a few weeks will decide whether I am to receive a Gardener from Scotland, or not: If the latter, I will delay no time in giving you notice thereof; and will accompany the communication with the specific terms on which I would employ you: which, if you shd. be disengaged at the time, will require no other answer than yea, or nay.

I can only repeat now, what I said to you when you were here last, that from the circumstances I am under, and the uncertainty of the case, it is not my wish, or desire that you should avoid any employment worthy of your acceptance, in expectation of getting into my Service. I remain etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To WILLIAM TRIPLETT

Mount Vernon, September 24, 1797.

Sir: I have examined my land papers, but find I possess none which relate to my purchase from Mr. Simon Pearson; all of 0070 36 them having been turned over, with my transfer, to Mr. Lund Washington.

I can form no idea of what Grafton Kirk &ca. are to exhibit in evidence on this occasion. I sincerely believe that all the proceedings in, and docking of, the entail of the land to which Mr. Thos. Pearson now sets up a claim, were strictly conformable to law, and of more validity than Graftons testimony; whose impression of it, is not quite immaculate , but so much the reverse, as to be a ready witness upon all occasions. Nothing suggests itself to my mind as ground on which a suit can be instituted, unless it be alledged that some of the Jurors were not freeholders, a thing I never have heard surmised, and strange indeed to be proved, five and thirty years after their verdict was given and (as I presume) admitted to record.

The Deeds, if well drawn, do, no doubt, recite the case, and names of the Jurors, but admitting the foregoing mistake in the Sheriff, would a Court of equity suffer an innocent purchaser to sustain an injury from the misconception or inattention of that Officer to his duty? I think not.

You told me on Saturday that Simon Pearson left no legitimate children, and that his Brother Thomas was the lawful heir , but to whom has descended, or rather to whom did Simon (if he left a Will) bequeath his Estate? For if there be any irregularity in the process of docking the Entail, and Thos. should, which I think not at all likely, recover the land for which he is contending, that estate must be resorted to: It cannot surely be in possession of Thomas, for in that case the contest wd. be with himself, because he wd. have to pay for all he obtained.

When you know the result of the evidence you are summoned to hear, I shd. be glad to be informed of it, and with esteem I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To THOMAS LAW

Mount Vernon, October 2, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your note of the 28th Ult. by Mr. Frestal, was received on Friday last.

My expences are so great and my resources so small, that it is but little in my power to promote such plans as you advocate. To clear me out of Philadelphia, and to lay in a few necessaries for my family, I sold two valuable tracts of land in the State of Pennsylvania a short time before I left the City. for 22,000 dollars; and since my arrival have sold other lands in Virginia the proceeds of all which (so far at least as hath been received) are nearly expended.

To encourage however a Hotel at the Capitol, I authorise you if the plan is likely to succeed, on the terms you have suggested to put my name down to five Shares.

I am glad to hear that the public buildings progress well. As the period for their accomplishment approaches, there can be little doubt but that private buildings will also advance rapidly; I wish they were in such a state of forwardness as to claim the attention of Congress, if the Calamity which is inflicted on Philadelphia and other Sea port Towns, should render the removal of that body from the present Seat of the Government necessary.

We rejoice to hear that Mrs. Law and the little girl are well, we are so. And all Unite with Affecte. regards for you and them, With Dear Sir etc.

*To THOMAS C. MARTIN 21

Of King and Queen County, Va.

On October 7 Washington wrote to Dr. William Thornton: “Genl. Washington presents his compliments to Doctr. Thornton. Mrs. Washington recollecting her promise of saving him a few of the Spanish Chestnuts, some are now sent. They are immediately from the tree, and should, without delay, be planted where they are intended to remain, or put into a box with earth, otherwise they will soon get hard and worm eaten, and the vegitation be prevented.” This note is in the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.

Mount Vernon, October 3, 1797.

Sir: I have already erected a threshing machine on Mr. Bookers plan, and was on the point of putting up one or two more 0072 38 when I received a letter from a Gentleman of my acquaintance informing me that you had invented one which did more execution with less force. This has induced me to suspend the erection of those on Mr. Bookers plan, until I can receive better information relative to yours, and this is the cause of my giving you the trouble of receiving this letter and praying that you would be so obliging as to give it.

The advantage which Mr. Bookers has over the Scotch Machine (which I never saw) lyes, it is said, in being less expensive, and less complex, particularly in the substitution of a band in place of cogs and rounds; which, as I have understood, (with the expence thereof) is the principal objection to the latter.

Not having heard whether you have obtained a Patent for the invention of yours, or mean to apply for one, I would not have it understood that my application for information into the principle on which yours act, the power which works it, or the execution, is calculated to deprive you of any benefit which might result in either case.

The object of my enquiry is merely to know whether yours (nothing being more interesting to the farmer) is upon a simple plan and not easily put out of order in the hands of ignorant negros, and careless Overseers; whether cheap, and easily erected, what the execution; and with what force it is worked; together with the manner of working it, and the house proper for its reception.

If in these particulars, on a fair comparison with Mr. Booker's, it obtains a preference, I shall certainly, as I am about to provide conveniences of this sort for getting my grain out of the straw, erect yours instead of his: and whether built by my own People or others, I am perfectly willing to allow the Patent fee if it exists, or to stand upon the same footing that others do to avail myself of the best discovery in this or any other 0073 39 country to effect so valuable an end. Your answer to these queries would very much oblige me as my ulterior measures depend upon them and my want of machines to get my grain out in a clean and expeditious mode, pressing. I hope you will have the goodness to excuse the liberty I have herein taken and believe that I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To ALEXANDER HAMILTON

Mount Vernon, October 8, 1797.

My dear Sir: The ardent desire which Mr. La Fayette feels to embrace his Parents and Sisters in the first moments of their liberation, induces him to set out for New York, or further Eastward, in search of a Passage to France.

It was my opinion that he had better have awaited authentic accounts of this event; but his eagerness to see his friends, the fear of a Winter passage, and a conviction that he is under no predicament that would render his reception in France at all embarrassing to him, even if he should be disappointed in meeting his friends there, has prevailed.

I am sure it is unnecessary that I should recommend him and Mr. Frestal to your civilities while they may be detained in New York; or to your aid in procuring them a passage to France: but I will request, if circumstances should call for greater pecuniary means than they possess, that you would be so good as to furnish them, and draw upon me for the amount, and it shall be paid at sight.

0074 40

Present Mrs. Washington and myself in the most affectionate manner to Mrs. Hamilton, and be assured always of the very high esteem and regard with which I am etc. 22

From the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.

From a facsimile of a portion of Washington's expense account (Oct. 8, 1797), in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress, is the following: “Gave Mr. G. W. La Fayette a check on the Bank of Alexandria for the purpose of defraying his Expenses to France $300.”

*To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Mount Vernon, October 8, 1797. 23

The “Letter Book” copy is misdated 1798.

My dear Sir: This letter will, I hope and expect, be presented to you by your Son, who is highly deserving of such Parents as you and your amiable Lady.

He can relate, much better than I can describe, my participation in your sufferings, my solicitude for your relief, the measures I adopted (though ineffectually) to facilitate your liberation from an unjust and cruel imprisonment, and the joy I experienced at the news of its accomplishment. I shall hasten therefore to congratulate you, and be assured no one can do it with more cordiality, with more sincerity, or with greater affection, on the restoration of that liberty which every act of your life entitles you to the enjoyment of; and I hope I may add, to the uninterrupted possession of your Estates, and the confidence of your Country. The re-possession of these things, though they cannot compensate for the hardships you have endured, may, nevertheless soften the painful remembrance of them.

From the delicate and responsible situation in which I stood as a public officer, but more especially from a misconception of the manner in which your son had left France (till explained in a personal interview with himself) he did not come immediately into my family on his arrival in America, tho' he was 0075 41 assured in the first moments of it, of my protection and support. His conduct, since he first set his feet on American ground, has been exemplary in every point of view, such as has gained him the esteem, affection and confidence of all who have had the pleasure of his acquaintance. His filial affection and duty, and his ardent desire to embrace his parents and Sisters in the first moments of their releasement, would not allow him to await the authentic account of this much desired event; but at the sametime that I suggested the propriety of this, I could not withhold my assent to the gratification of his wishes, to fly to the Arms of those whom he holds most dear; persuaded as he is, from the information he has received, that he shall find you all in Paris.

M. Frestal has been a true Mentor to George. No Parent could have been more attentive to a favourite Son; and he richly merits all that can be said of his virtues, of his good sense, and of his prudence. Both your son and him carry with them the vows, and regrets of this family, and of all who know them. And you may be assured that you yourself never stood higher in the affections of the People of this country than at the present moment.

With what concerns myself, personally, I shall not take up your time; further than to add, that I have once more retreated to the shades of my own Vine and Fig tree, where I shall remain with best vows for the prosperity of that country for whose happiness I have toiled many years, to establish its Independence, Constitution, and Laws, and for the good of mankind in general, until the days of my sojournment, whh. cannot be many, are accomplished.

Having bid a final adieu to the walks of public life, and meaning to withdraw myself from the Politics thereof, I shall refer you to Mr. Frestal and George, who (at the sametime that they have, from prudential considerations, avoided all 0076 42 interference in the Politics of the Country) cannot have been inattentive observers of what was passing among us, to give you a general view of our situation, and of the party, which in my opinion, has disturbed the Peace and tranquillity of it. And with sentiments of the highest regard for you, your lady and daughters, and with assurances that, if inclination or events should induce you, or any of them, to visit America, no person in it would receive you with more cordiality and affection, than [Mrs. Washington and myself would do, both of us being most sincerely and affectionately attached to you and admirers of them, yours, ever, &c.] 24

From the original in the possession of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union. The part in brackets is supplied from the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To REVEREND SAMUEL STANHOPE SMITH

Mount Vernon, October 9, 1797.

Dear and Revd. Sir: I have duly received your several letters of last month; but as an expression of my regret, at the conduct and behaviour of young Custis would avail nothing I shall not trouble you by the attempt.

I am persuaded that your conduct towards him, has been such as friendship inspired, and the duties of your important trust required. And as you have seen, in a degree what my solicitude, advice and admonition have been, he will have himself only to upbraid for any consequences which may follow, and this perhaps come too late.

By Mr. la Fayette who is on his way to New York to embark for France, I send you Bank notes to the amount of £100 in discharge of the balance of the acct. transmitted (£65); the twenty advanced Mr. Custis when he left Princeton and any other unpaid bills which may hereafter appear. And with thanks 0077 43 for your polite attention to, and care of him while he was under your superintendance, I remain with the highest esteem, regard and respect etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, October 9, 1797.

Dear Sir: Mr. Thomas Pearson, heir intail to Simon Pearson, his Brother, has brought suit in the Court of this County, for the lands which the latter sold to Wm. Triplett, George Johnson and myself, five and thirty Years ago.

I understand from Colo. Simms who is Pearsons Lawyer, that his complaint is founded upon some irregularity in the proceedings of the Jury, who met on the land to value the same, pursuant to a Writ of ad quod damnum. And the examination of the evidence to prove these irregularities went (for I attended) to the establishment of two Points: 1st. that there was no survey of the premises in presence of the Jury, that the time of their enquiry into the value of the land. and 2ly. that the said Jury did not explore it sufficiently to ascertain with exactness what the real value of the land was.

This is the amount of Grafton Kirks evidence, who was one of the Jurors, and who from your Practice in Fairfax County you may have learnt, is a rare hand at all obsolete claims that depend much on a good memory .

As I shall be ultimately affected in this business if Pearsons claim obtains (having sold my part of the Tract (178 Acres) to Mr. Lund Washington it behooves me to look into the matter timously. let me then ask your opinion on the following points?

1st. Does the Law providing for the Docking of Entails, by a writ of ad quod damnum, make a survey in presence of the Jury an essential Part of the proceedings?

0078 44

The Writ itself (of which I retained a Copy) directing the sheriff to summon respectable men of his County for the purpose of ascertaing. the value of the land &c., requires no such thing.

2d. Who is to Judge of the mode by which a Jury on Oath is to report their Opinion of the value of the land if they are not to do it themselves?

Mr. Kirk swears he did not on the day traverse a foot of the land. Why because says he living adjoining thereto; I could not be made better acquainted with it than I was; neither did Jno. Askins (another of the Jury men) stir from the house at which they met; on the Land . Why again? because Jno. Askins knew it as well as he did. The rest of the Jurors he acknowledged rode but were not gone long enough to go over quarter part of the land. These if not the words are the literal meaning of them, and the sum of Grafton Kirk's evidence. No tampering with the Jury to under value the land is even hinted at. and the transfers devises and descent to Simon Pearson are admitted to be good in order to prove that the said Simon held the land in fee tail and dying (as they say) without legitimate Children that Thos. Pearson his brother is heir in Tail.

3d. Whether as Simon was lawfully married and never legally devorced the children of that woman though begotten (no matter by whom) in the state of separation from him is not a barr to the claim of Thomas?

4th. What operation will the Act of Assembly Of Virginia for Docking all Entails, (passed many years after the land in dispute was Docked by a writ of ad quod damnum, and sold in 1762) and many years too before the death of Simon Pearson which only happened last Spring have in this Case? It being understood that the said Simon conveyed the 178 acres, to me with a general Warrantee.

5th. I would ask how far my conveyance of the said land to Mr. L. Washington with a general Warrantee also, make me 0079 45 liable for the buildings as well as the land which has been placed thereon? and

6th. Whether I had better interest myself in defending the suit already commenced in the County Court, or await the decision there and take it up in the dernier resort if it shd. be adverse. I wish also as the case in my Judgmt. turns upon simple points which do not require much study, or research, to be informed (confidentially) whether in your opinion Mr. Swan's demand for defending the suit is not unreasonable? viz.: $100 in hand and the like sum at the close of the business?

You may think me an unprofitable applicant in asking opinions and requiring services of you without dousing my money, but pay day may come. If the cause should go to the higher Courts I shall expect you will appear for me, and Mr. Marshall also (if you should not have quit the practice). If the latter should not be returned in time, say who else had I best employ? I beg you will send me and as soon as you can certified copies from the Records of Richmond, of the papers mentioned in the enclosed. With sincere friendship &c.

P.S. Whether Colo. Simms has any thing in petto I am unable to say, I am told however that he is sanguine and some add that he is to go snacks. 25

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To WILLIAM THORNTON

Mount Vernon, October 10, 1797.

Sir: Your favours of the 6th. and 8th. instant have both been received, and I pray you to accept my best thanks for the rare and valuable present you have made me. Being the produce of your own Estate renders it more acceptable, and nothing will add more to the go'at of it, than your coming sometimes to participate in the taste, fog, or no fog.

0080 46

I have no doubt but that the section of Square No 21 is judiciously designed. It is perfectly agreeable to me. Mrs. Washington unites with me in best regards for Mrs. Thornton and yourself, and with great esteem etc. 26

From the William Thornton Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To FRANCIS WALKER

Mount Vernon, October 10, 1797.

Dear Sir: In answering your favor of the 28th. Ulto. which has been duly received; I wish it was in my power to give you more satisfactory information than you will find, in this letter, relative to the lands near Suffolk.

Some years ago (before, if my memory serves me, I was called to Administer the Government of the U States) Mr. John Lewis, as Exectuor of his father, Colo. Fielding Lewis's Will, informed me that the circumstances of that estate required that his father's interest in the lands wch. were bought by him, your father and myself, lying as above, should be sold. In reply, I told him that any bargain for it that Doctr. Walker and himself would make, I would abide by. Since which I have never heard a tittle from either, on this subject. Nor do I know in whose possession, or under what circumstances the lands now are. That they are not sold I am inclined to believe, because the title papers are still in my care, and no application has ever been made for them.

These, from a cursory examination, appear to be from.

Acres

Josh. Jones to G. W. T. W. 27

Thomas Walker.

and FL. 28

Fielding Lewis.

for 2 tracts 872

Jas. Wright Do.Do.Do.50

Stepn. WrightDo.Do.Do.100

Kings PatentDo.Do.Do.188

Total1210

0081 47

I thank you for offering to sell me your interest in the above lands, but I have no disposition to become the purchaser, having lately sold my share of the Company's property in the Dismal swamp, and formerly a tract adjoining thereto, held by the deceased Colo. Lewis and myself; I shall be willing, however, at any time, to join you and Mr. John Lewis in disposing of them to any other purchaser. With esteem etc. 29

From a photostat of the original owned by Dr. Wm. C. Rives, of Washington, D.C.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto. has been received, and I sincerely regret the continuance of the Malady which afflicts the City of Philadelphia, and other Seaport Towns; but hope the frosts which we have lately had, and the approaching cold, will eradicate the disorder.

The Season rendering the Room for which I wanted a Stove in a manner useless for the purpose it was designed, I have procured one in Alexandria. Although it is not altogether such as I wanted, a very good shift can be made with it; and as it superceds the necessity of those I had written to you for, I have now to request you will decline sending them, or either of them. The other matters you will be so good as to send when an opportunity offers. With esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To BENJAMIN GOODHUE 30

Senator from Massachusetts.

Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.

Dear Sir: The Fish you had the goodness to send me, arrived very safe; and are excellent; for your recollection of that 0082 48 request of mine, and the trouble you were at to obtain the best kind, I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.

The money, as you desired, was paid to Captn. Silver, to the amount of your memorandum of their cost; and they shall be stored, and dressed agreeably to the directions contained in your letter, for giving which I feel myself obliged.

No man wishes more devoutly than I that a stop was put to the further effusion of blood; that harmony was restored to all nations; and that justice was done to ours: but I must confess that my hope of seeing them accomplished soon , exceed my expectation . The affairs of Europe seem to me to be in so purturbed a state, and the views of the principal Actors so discordant that it is not easy, on rational principles and fair calculation to predict events.

Nothing is wanting in ourselves to steer clear of the vortex of misery, which has brought so many of the Nations of Europe to the brink of ruin in this desolating war, but unanimity; and if a steady adherance to the principles which have hitherto directed our councils is unable to effect this, it will nevertheless I hope, avert the evils which, otherwise might be expected to flow from the persevering opposition which is levelled at our government; and all those who stand forward in support of it. This is my Creed, and I shall believe in it until the contrary is verified, which Heaven avert! Adieu, with very great esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON

Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.

Revd. Sir: Your favour of the 20th Feb: has been received, and I am indebted to you for many other unacknowledged letters. The truth is, I soon found after entering upon the duties of my late public station, that private correspondences did not 0083 49 accord with official duties; and being determined to perform the latter to the best of my abilities, I early relinquished the former, when business was not the subject of them.

It might be asked, why suffer the letter of the 20th. of February (which is of the latter description) to remain unacknowledged, after I had, months past, bid adieu to my public walks? The answer is easy; an eight years absence from home (excepting short occasional visits) had so deranged my private affairs; had so despoiled my buildings; and in a word, had thrown my domestic concerns into such disorder, as at no period of my life have I been more engaged than in the last six months, to recover and put them into some tolerable train again.

Workmen in most countries, I believe, are necessary plagues; in this where entreaties as well as money must be used to obtain their work, and keep them to their duty they baffle all calculation in the accomplishment of any plan, or repairs they are engaged in; and require more attention to, and looking after, than can be well conceived. Numbers of these, of all descriptions, having been employed by me ever since I came home (to render my situation comfortable the ensuing winter) has allowed me little leisure for other occupations.

Rural employments while I am spared (which in the natural course of things cannot be long) will now take place of toil, responsibility, and the sollicitudes attending the walks of public life; and with vows for the peace, the happiness, and prosperity of a country in whose service the prime of my life hath been spent, and with best wishes for the tranquillity of all Nations, and all men, the scene will close; grateful to that Providence which has directed my steps, and shielded me in the various changes and chances, through which I have passed, from my youth to the present moment.

I scarcely know what you alluded to in your letter of the 20th. of Feby. when you say “I observed in the Philadelphia 0084 50 Papers, mention made of a publication of a volume of your epistles, domestic, confidential and official.” unless it be the spurious letters which issued from a certain Press in New York during the War; with a view to destroy the confidence which the Army and Community might have had in my political principles; and which have lately been republished with greater avidity and perseverance than ever, by Mr. Bache, to answer the same nefarious purpose with the latter.

I suffered every attack that was made upon my Executive conduct (the one just mentioned among the rest) to pass unnoticed while I remained in public office; well knowing that if the general tenor of it would not stand the test of investigation, a Newspaper vindication would be of little avail. But as immense pains has been taken by this said Mr. Bache, who is no more than the Agent or tool of those who are endeavouring to destroy the confidence of the people in the officers of Government (chosen by themselves) to dissiminate these counterfeit letters, I conceived it a piece of justice due to my own character, and to Posterity to disavow them in explicit terms; and this I did in a letter directed to the Secretary of State to be filed in his Office the day on which I closed my Administration. This letter has since been published in the Gazettes by the head of that Department.

With respect to your own request, I can say nothing, so many things are continually given to the public of which I have no previous knowledge, nor time indeed to inspect them if I had been therewith informed, that I may mistake the meaning of it. The late Secretary of State (now Vice President) permitted a Mr. Carey, 31 my consent being first obtained, to take copies under his inspection of the letters I had written to Congress; which letters have since been published and are I presume

John Carey.

0085 51 genuine and must be those which you refer to. But as they are the work of another who is now in England on this business, I cannot suppose that you had it in contemplation to derive a benefit from his labours. I shall only add therefore that discretion in matters of this sort must be your guide, without a Yea, or nay, from me.

For Politics I shall refer you to the Gazettes of this country, with which I presume you are acquainted; and with respect to other matters, I have nothing wch would be entertaining, or worth narrating.

Mrs. Washington unites with me in best wishes for the health and happiness of yourself and Mrs. Gordon, and I am with esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THADDEUS KOSCIUSZKO

Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favour, dated Elizabeth Town October, has been duly received. I am sorry that the state of your health should deprive me of the pleasure of your company at this place, and I regret still more that the pain you feel from the wounds you have received, though glorious for your reputation, is the occasion of it.

Whatever I can do as a private Citizen (and in no other capacity I can now act) consistently with the plan I have laid down for my future government, you may freely command. You will find however, contrary as it may be to your expectation or wishes, that all pecuniary matters must flow from the Legislature, and in a form which cannot be dispensed with. I may add I am Sure, that your claim upon the Justice and feelings of this country will meet with no delay; Nor do I suppose that the loss of your certificate will be any impediment. 0086 52 Your rank and services in the American Army are too well known to require that testimony of your claim; and the Books of the Treasury will shew that you have received nothing in discharge of it, or if any part, to what amount. With the highest esteem, etc. 32

The original letter sent is in the Library of Prince Czartoryski, Krakow, Poland. Sparks prints this letter under date of Oct. 25, 1797.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JOHN LANGHORNE 33

Of Warren, Albemarle County, Va.

Mount Vernon, October 15, 1797.

Sir: Your favour of the 25th Ulto. has been received, but not so soon as might have been expected from the date of it. 34 For the favourable sentiments you have been pleased to express relative to my conduct in public life, I thank you. For the divisions which have taken place among us, with respect to our political concerns; for the attacks which have been made upon those to whom the Administration of the government hath been entrusted by the People ; and for the calumnies which are

John Nicholas, of Charlottesville, wrote to Washington (November 18) concerning this Langhorne letter: “A few weeks ago a letter came to the Warren Post-Office in this County (Albemarle) from you, directed to ‘ Mr. Langhorne ’; where it lay some days, unclaimed and unsought for. Hearing it mentioned, I concluded it was intended for an old Gentn. of that name in an adjoining County, who, I believe had been ingaged, in some capaty. or another, in what was called Braddock's war; and had it taken up by a friend to be conveyed accordingly. To my great surprise however, I am just informed to-day that it had been sent for and demanded by a certain character in this County, closely connected with some of your greatest and bitterest enemies, as being intended for him , tho' his name was very different indeed from Langhorne ; acknowledging at the same time that he had written to you a few weeks ago under that Signature…the singularity of the circumstances attending the demand of the letter, and the quarter from whence it came (altho' nothing to me from that quarter is now astonishing) determined me to address you. The only conclusion I can draw from this strange circumstance, is, that certain men who are resolved to stick at nothing to promote their wicked and inglorious views, have fallen on this last miserable deceptive means, among their other hypocritical practices to intrap you; or, that their suspicions of the views of others from a knowledge of the secrets of their own, had even carried them to the unjustifiable and scandelous lengths of violating the Seals of private correspondences, in hopes of finding out State secrets favourable to their schemes. Having positive proofs of the above facts, I determined to write you, and put you on your guard against such fictitious correspondts., if any such have written to you, or to show you what danger your private letters have to encounter, in this quarter , if you have had no such late corrispondent.”

The real name of “John Langhorne” is not mentioned by Nicholas, or by Washington, in his reply, November 30, post .

Nicholas writes further: “I caution you against unbosoming yourself to such corrispondts. in this part of the world , whatever their professions or requests may be…living where I do, immediately in cannon shot of the very head-quarters of Jacobinism ; knowing how much you have been deceived in the principles and professions of friendship of certain characters in this quarter ; and my own knowledge of their real dispositions ; have determined me thus to hint to you some things which I shall make known more fully when I have the honor of a personal interview.” Nicholas's letter is in the Washington Papers .

Nicholas again wrote to Washington (December 9): “Mr. Langhorne , if you know him not from his real name to that note, is a favorite nephew of your very sincere friend Mr. Jefferson, raised and educated directly by himself from a child, a constant dependent and resident in his house from that period almost to the present; and entertaining sentiments, I do assure you of my own personal knowledge, very different indeed towards you from those contained in his letter.” This letter is in the Washington Papers ; along with it is Nicholas's copy of the following note signed by Peter Cart, and addressed to Mr. John Scott, New Scotland. “I am informed there is a letter in your possession from General Washington to a Mr. Langhorne. I am the only person intitled to that letter, and have expected it for some time; but had began to fear from the delay, it had miscarried. Will thank you therefore to send it by the bearer.” Nicholas has noted further: “Besides the above, Mr. C— informed a respectable Gentleman, who first communicated this misterious business to me, that he had written to Genl W— under the name of John Langhorne.”

0087 53 levelled at all those who are disposed to support the measures thereof, I feel, on public account, as much as any man can do; because (in my opinion) much evil, and no good can result from such conduct, to this country.

So far as these attacks are aimed at me, personally , it is, I can assure you, Sir, a misconception if it be supposed I feel the venom of the darts. Within me, I have a consolation which proves an antidote agt. their utmost malignity, rendering my mind in the retirement I have long panted after perfectly tranquil. I am, &c.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, October 16, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 2d instt. came duly to hand. For the perusal of the enclosure I thank you. It is returned.

0088 54

We heard with much concern, but long after the thing had happened, of the accident which befel your son. We hope he is perfectly recovered from the fall, and you from your billious attack.

Having no news to entertain you with, and could only fill a letter with the perplexities I experience daily from workmen, and other occurrences of little moment to any besides myself, I shall conclude this letter with best respects, in which Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite, to Mrs. McHenry and yourself, and with assurances of being etc.

PS. My mind during the last days of my remaining in Philadelphia was so much occupied with public and private concerns that I always forgot, when I was in your company, to enquire whether Mr. Lear had accounted to the War Office for the money he had received to purchase the Site for the Arsenal on Potomac. As I was, in some measure, the cause of his Agency in that business, I wish to know whether it is settled to your Satisfaction.

Be so good as to send the letter to Mr. Dandridge to his lodgings if he has not Sailed, or left the City. 35

From the McHenry Photostats in the Library of Congress.

*To TOBIAS LEAR

Mount Vernon, Otober 24, 1797.

Dear Sir: You ask what is absolutely out of my power to comply with, unless I was to place myself exactly in the situation you represent yourself to be (without converting Bank stock into Cash, which I am not inclined to do), that is, unprepared to face my own engagements; which, for Wheat, Rye, Workmen's wages &ca. &ca. are hourly coming upon me, and expected. Three thousand dollars (without going into a 0089 55 correct examination of the Accts.) is more than I have in the Bank of Alexandria, and (for running calls) in my Desk.

Had you asked for a thousand dollars of these, or if that sum would answer any valuable purpose I would, inconvenient as it might prove to me, Give a check on the Bank. Your letter being just presented, company here, and dinner ready, I can only add that I am Yr. etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To — BARRY

Mount Vernon, October 26, 1797.

Sir: Since you left this, yesterday I have conversed with my Manager on the subject of flour, according to your desire.

The result is, that on Tuesday next, provided immediate notice is given, he could have fifty barrels of Superfine at Alexandria. It would however, employed as my Boats are in getting materials together for my Distellery, be vastly more convenient for me to deliver it to a Vessel at my Mill.

If you take the above mentioned flour I shall expect eight dollars and a half per barrel for it. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To ROBERT BROOKE

Mount Vernon, October 27, 1797.

Sir: The enclosed letter from Mr. Brooke your brother, to Mr. Anderson my Manager (who were acquainted) is the best apology I can offer for giving you the trouble of receiving one from me.

It is the wish of Mrs. Washington that Mrs. Forbes would, without delay, repair to this place with her clothes &ca; where (if she has been an acceptable and competent house keeper to you, while you filled the Chair of Government of this State) there can be little doubt of her answering our purposes and will 0090 56 be retained on the terms mentioned in my Advertisement, which was inserted in a Richmond Paper.

If Mrs. Forbes comes in the Stage, which I presume will be the case, she might stop at the Widow Lund Washington's (close on the Road between Colchester and Alexandria) who will either send her hither, or let us know that she is there. 36

Mrs. Forbes arrived at Mount Vernon, Dec. 6, 1797.

A previous knowledge of the characters, one has to do with, being of some importance, you would do me a favour in giving (and it might be confidentially if you prefer it) that of Mrs. Forbes. Besides care; and A knowledge of the duties of the Station one who will see to the execution, as well as direct the measures of the Servants is indispensable in my family. One too who has spirit to enforce her orders, in doing which she will have every proper support.

I pray you to excuse the liberty I have taken in making this request. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, October 30, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favors of the 30th of August and 8th. of September have remained unacknowledged, because I had nothing to communicate that could compensate for the loss of a moment of your time, which I know is too much occupied in matters of business to be interrupted by unimportant letters.

Having received the enclosed letter by the Ganges, in the twilight, and attending to the first part of the Superscription only, I broke the Seal before I discovered that it was of a public nature. And the direction of the Spanish letter being somewhat equivocal, I send it also, as well for that reason as because I could not read it after it was opened; both to be disposed as you shall see fit.

0091 57

I thank you for sending me your answer to the very improper letter of Mr. de Yrujo, 37 who merited less respectful treatment. The Copying Press came safe, but does not work well; whether for want of more Springs I am unable to determine. Having a small one (which used to be getting out of order frequently, but at present does tolerably well) I do not use it at all. Should the small one fail, I will send you the other, and ask you to have its defects rectified.

Carlos Martinez, Marquis de Casa Yrujo. He was Spanish Minister to the United States.

From the last Philadelphia Reports respecting the Yellow fever, it is to be hoped that that dreadful malady has ceased, and the distressed Inhabitant are returning to their long forsaken homes. I wish it devoutly, on public as well as private considerations, for an equivocal state of that disorder would place the President in an embarrassing situation. With great esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, October 30, 1797.

My dear Sir: Your several letters, opinion and copy of the deed to Williams for 589 Acres of Land have been duly received and for which I offer my best thanks.

It is a little singular that the proceedings for Docking the Intail of the above mentioned Land should not be found among the Records of the Genl. Court or in the Secretary's office from whence it issued and to which it was most assuredly returned.

As the Intail of this Land was docked on account of my purchase of a part of it I retained a Copy of the writ the Pannel and Sheriffs return, from whence the enclosed is taken and is the best Information and clue it is in my power to give to direct a further search. With Affece. regard etc. 38

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To JACOB VALENTINE 39

Formerly a captain in the First Virginia State regiment during the Revolutionary War.

Mount Vernon, October 30, 1797.

Sir: Your letter of the 21st instt. has been duly received, but ignorant as I am of the motive which has induced you to send me an extract of the Law of 1780 relative to recruits, for the Army, I know not what reply to make.

Matters of that sort, I never had anything to do with, as Commander in Chief of the American Army; and never having speculated in any Soldiers certificate, or Rights of any kind or nature whatsoever, I am, perhaps as little competent to give an opinion thereon (if I understood your meaning) as any man in the United States. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Mount Vernon, November 1, 1797.

Dear Sir: I feel myself much obliged by your kind attention to my want of a Household Steward; but hearing of an excellent Housekeeper that had lived with Mr. R. Brooke whilst he was Governor of this State, she has been applied to for a similar purpose in this family, and we have reason to expect her, every day. Should this happen I shall have no occasion for a Steward. Indeed the two would be incompatible, and lay foundation for wrangling which might prove the loss perhaps of both, and to employ Rawlings 40 as a Butler, merely, if he was ever so clever and competent at the business, would be too expensive.

Albin Rawlins(?).

I pray you to accept my thanks for the pains, and trouble you have had in this business; and be assured of the sincere regard etc.

0093 59

P.S. Did you think to examine the Records while in Richmond to see if there was any foundation for Thompson's (I think was the name) his claim to my Kentucky Land?

The family here, all unite in offering their affectns. to Mrs. Spotswood and yr. family. 41

From a transcript of the original in the National Library of Scotland at Edinburg.

*To DANIEL McCARTY

Mount Vernon, November 3, 1797.

Sir: I shall preface this letter in answer to yours of yesterday, with a declaration as sincere as it is solemn, and that is, that if it was in my power, I would take no advantage of you in the proposed exchange of Lands; nor would I wish you to make a bargain with me that either you yourself, or your friends (such I mean as are competent judges) should hereafter say was disadvantageous on your part: for be assured, I should derive no pleasure from a contract of which you might have just cause to complain.

Having made this declaration, it remains to be added, that both of us may err in the comparative value of our respective lands. You, perhaps, preceded upon what you conceive to be the present selling price of such lands as yours are, in this country; which, abstractedly is fair; but if I mistake not, Lands here are not only at a stand, but on the decline; while on the other hand, I go on a thorough conviction in my own mind, that such as I offer in exchange and which in some instances I know , and in all believe, are of the first rate, will increase. I form this opinion from analogous circumstances; for since I have been an Actor for myself, Frederick and Berkeley Counties were deemed much more remote, and in fact our of the inhabited world, than the Kanhawa is now: and lands which I then 0094 60 bought in the former at five pounds per hundred acres, and the highest (on account of small improvements) at twenty five pounds per hundd. I could now sell, very readily at five pounds an acre . But this is digressing from the point, and I will return to it again, after making one more observation which in my opinion, is literally true and important, namely, that it is not the number of acres you receive in exchange for your land, that is to render that exchange valuable, there are a great many local considerations which must contribute to this. I aver, most seriously, that I wd. not give my tract of 10,990 acres on the Kanhawa for 50,000 acres back of it, and adjoining thereto, nor for any 50,000 acres of the common land of the country, which I have seen, back from the water, and in one body. And I have no doubts but that the land immediately back of mine, might now be bought for half a dollar or less pt. acre which, and on acct. of the extensive range that cannot for a series of years be interrupted, renders these bottoms so extremely valuable.

In offering you three of my tracts on the Kanhawa, containing together 12,276 acres for your Maryland tracts entire ; I conceived I was by no means deficient in proposing an equivalent, especially, as these three tracts would have given you a boundary on the Rivers of near 25 miles of the richest low ground in that Ctry.

It is true and so I informed you, that I had never been on either of these tracts, and have only the Surveyors report, and other information on which to form my opinion of the quality of the Land. They may be less, or they may be more valuable than the lower tract for ought I know to the contrary. Two reasons however, induced me to reserve the latter. 1st. a knowledge of the tract from my own inspection of it, and 2dly because it was the lowest on that River, and not more than 3 miles from Mount Pleasant. A Place which must, as soon as 0095 61 tranquillity is perfectly restored, be of considerable importance from its situation at the junction of two extensive Rivers running in different directions through so large and fertile a tract of country.

This letter is written more with a view to exculpate myself from any suspicion which might arise of my not meaning to offer you an equivalent for your land, than from any expectation I entertain of our coming to a bargain; for it can hardly be supposed that I would allow the whole of my lands to be picked, whilst the most valuable part of yours (or your sons) is reserved. If however, upon reconsidering the matter you should be disposed to let the Island go with, and become part of the exchanged Lands, I will, on my part (as you have expressed a wish to make an exchange) consent to part with my lower tract on the Kanhawa also; and if there is any likelihood of our agreeing on a just proportion of quantity, and value of my land for yours, I would, on some early day which you may name (before the weather gets cold) ride up with you and your son (for I shd. like that he should be perfectly satisfied before hand, with whatever is done) and look at your Loudoun Lands; having at present not the least knowledge of the quality of them, neither from Investigation or information; and because, which I frankly declare to you previously that it is not a trifling consideration that will induce me to part with my lower tract on the Kanhawa with the situation, local advantages utility and value of which I have formed an opinion, not from information, but from my own accurate view; having been on it three or four days [illegible] of the bottom.

Your answer to this letter will at once decide whether there be any prospect of our bargaining, or not; and I should thank you for giving it to me as soon as it is convenient. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To ROBERT LEWIS

Mount Vernon, November 3, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 26th Ulto. has been received. To Mr. T. Whiting for presenting and to you for forwarding the orchard grass seeds, I feel myself obliged and request you to mention it to him accordingly.

I approve of your placing a Tenant on my small Tract of Land above Bath at a moderate Rent for the purpose of preserving the Timber thereon: and if decisive proof could be had of the Trespasses I think suit should be brought against them in the District Court by way of terror to others. In this Court if the proof was positive justice might be expected, in the County Court I should expect nothing but to pay the Cost of the suit. I would not let the land for more than 5 years , limit the quantity of ground to be cleared and reserve all the walnut Timber for my use which may stand thereon.

The other depredations mentioned in your letter will not I hope escape unpunished. Remember us to Mrs. Lewis and be assured of the friendship of Your etc. 42

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, November 3, 1797.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 30th ult. was received by the last Post.

Your Aunts distresses for want of a good housekeeper are such as to render the wages demanded by Mrs. Forbes (though unusually high) of no consideration; and we must, though very reluctantly, yield to the time she requires to prepare for her fixture here. We wish however that it might be shortned.

0097 63

If you are in habits of free communication with Mr. Brooke or with others who had opportunities of judging competently of the qualifications and conduct of Mrs. Forbes as a housekeeper, I would thank you for ascertaining and giving it to me in as precise a manner as you can obtain it. Among other things it wd. be satisfactory to know.

What country woman she is?

Whether Widow or Wife? if the latter

Where her husband is?

What family she has?

What her age is?

Of what temper?

Whether active and spirited in the execution of her business?

Whether sober and honest?

Whether much knowledge in Cookery, and understands ordering and setting out a Table?

What her appearance is?

With other matters which may occur to you to ask, and necessary for me to know.

Mrs. Forbes will have a warm, decent and comfortable room to herself, to lodge in; and will eat of the Victuals from our Table, but not set at it, at any time with us , be her appearance what it may; for if this was once admitted , no line satisfactory to either party, perhaps, could be drawn thereafter. It might be well for me to know however whether this was admitted at Govr. Brookes, or not.

Is it practicable do you think to get a good and well disposed Negro Cook on hi. re, or purchase? Mention this want of ours to Mrs. Forbes. She, from the interest she would have therein might make enquiry. Yours always and Affectionately.

P.S. Since writing the foregoing Mrs. L. Washington informs me that Mr. Swan is anxious to learn from the Returns, 0098 64 or Records in the General Court. or from the best information you can obtain, whether it has been the invariable practice to Survey the Land Docked by a writ of Ad quod damnum; whether it has been frequently dispensed with, and what has been the consequence. Let me thank you for making this enquiry and furnishing me with the result of it. 43

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong, of Princeton, N.J.

*To DOCTOR JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, November 4, 1797.

Sir: Your layouts of the 21st of June and 3d of August last have both been received and are entitled to my best acknowledgements and thanks.

The last was presented by William Spence, who arrived here the 27th. Ulto via New York, in very good health and in very good time, my old Gardener having left me, as I wished it might happen, about a fortnight before.

For the prompt attention you paid to this business I feel myself under very great obligation; and shall strictly fulfil the engagement you have entered into on my behalf with Spence; who, though rather younger than I should have chosen (if time and circumstances had admitted of a choice) seems to be decent in his appearance, and as far as time and opportunity have hitherto allowed me to form an opinion is orderly in his conduct. Experience must decide on his skill as a Gardener. He speaks of this confidently, and goes to work handily, as one who knew what is to be done. He has deceived you or me however, with his tale of Matrimony; for he has brought no wife with him, and says it was a promise only , of marriage from the Girl you saw; which, ultimately, she would not 0099 65 comply with. I am well satisfied as matters are, and perfectly approve, and thank you for every step you have taken in this business.

This letter will, I expect, find you in your new abode and if my best wishes could contribute any thing to the happiness you must enjoy in the circle of an amiable family, I offer them to you with the utmost sincerity. The circumstance attending it, as related by yourself are not only singular, but from the independence with which it is accompanied, must be the source of pleasing reflections to you, rare indeed is the case, in countries composed, in great parts, of such numerous fleets and armies, as is that of G. Britain, that neither the father or any of a numerous off spring should be engaged in either, and be under no other controul than the Laws of the Country: When to this, the reflection, that all parts of it are in competent circumstances and happy, it must be highly gratifying to your feelings. A situation of this sort is free from cares and more to be envied than wealth or honours by a rational mind.

Free as I now am from the toil, the cares and responsibility of public occupations and engaged in rural and Agricultural pursuits; I hope aided by the reflection of having contributed my best endeavours to promote the happiness and welfare of that Country which gave me, and my Ancestors birth, to glide peaceably and easily on in the shade of retirement; and with good will to all men until my time shall be no more. In doing this I promise myself more real enjoyment than in all the bustling with which I have been occupied for upwards of 40 years of my life which as the wise man says, is little more than vanity and vexation.

I shall thank you for any information you can give me of the prospect of disposing of the Lands I had advertised for sale , and to be let but would have no engagements entered into 0100 66 respecting them as overtures are making to me in this Country for part of them in both relations.

I pray you to accept my thanks for the addition to the two first volumes of your Essays on Agricultural Subjects and to be perfectly assured of the high Esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, November 6, 1797.

Dear Sir: Since writing to you a few days ago, I have been favoured with your letters of the 26th. and 30th. Ulto.

If you should have occasion to write to Mr. Parish 44 of Hamburg, you would oblige me, by thanking him in my behalf, for his very polite and friendly offer of sending me any thing I might have occasion for from that place.

John Parish, formerly United States Consul at Hamburg, Germany.

It would be more formal than necessary, to introduce Mr. Bucknall's Orchardist to the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia otherwise than through you. If then you will be so good as to relate the manner in which it came, and present it with my best respects to that body, I will thank you. With very great esteem and regard I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To SIR JOHN SINCLAIR

Mount Vernon, November 6, 1797.

Sir: Since I had the honor of writing you on the 15th of July, I have been favoured with your letter of the 13th of Feby. introductory of Thos. Macdonald Esqr. and your note of the 9th of June by Genl. Koscuisko; together with the Surveys, and papers accompanying both. For your goodness in sending them, I pray you to accept my best thanks, and that I may not be a 0101 67 burthensome member of the Board, I enclose a small Bill of Exchange to be deposited in the hands of your Bookseller to defray the cost of the several copies of your works which may be forwarded to me. When this is expended, I will make another deposit for the same purpose.

As neither of the notes, the receipt of which is acknowledged above, nor any other, has intimated in the most distant manner that my letters of the 10th and 11th of December (the latter a private one) had ever reached your hand, I now do, as well for the purpose of evincing that I was not inattentive to your request, as to give information which may yet (though late) be useful, forward a duplicate of the private letter from a Press copy taken at the time, and of my last also, of the 15th. of July; being more disposed to trouble you with a repetition of the sentiments then expressed than to lay under the suspicion of inattention to yr. commds.

I can now, with more certainty than on the 15th. of July, inform you that lands have fallen in price; ascribable to two causes, the shocking depredations committed on our Commerce (within the last Six or eight months by the French) and the reduction in price of our produce. Both contributing to render Cash a scarce, and of course a valuable article.

Our Crops of Grain are, in places, tolerable, but upon the whole below mediocrity in quantity, whilst the grain is fine. This also, that is the shortness of the Crop, will assist in reducing the price of lands still lower.

An eight years absence from home (except occasional short visits to it) has thrown my buildings, and other matters of private concern, into so much disorder, that at no period of my life have I ever been more engaged than in the last six or eight months to repair and bring them into tune again. This has prevented me from looking into the Agricultural Surveys of the 0102 68 Countries of England and Scotland with the attention I propose to do the ensuing Winter I shall certainly be very desirous of having a compleat sett of them, and if any are missing will apply accordingly; as it is my intention to have them classed, and bound, Neatly. With great pleasure I receivd a visit from Mr. Macdonald a few days ago, who fully answers the character given of him, as a polite and sensible man.

With great respect, etc. 45

From the traced facsimile in Letters on Agriculture from…George Washington…to Arthur Young and Sir John Sinclair (Philadelphia' 1847).

*To JAMES ROSS

Mount Vernon, November 6, 46 1797.

The “Letter Book” copy is dated November 3.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 2d. Ulto. with its enclosure came duly to hand, and I feel myself very much obliged by the favourable footing on which you have placed matters with Colo. Shreve. These are perfectly satisfactory to me, and of which I should have informed you sooner, had I not supposed that the most certain though perhaps not the quickest way of making it known to you would be to lodge my letter in Philadelphia against your arrival there. This I am about to do in the hands of Colo. Pickering.

Whatever mode, under the derangements occasioned by the sore calamity which has afflicted that City, you shall find most convenient to yourself, will be agreeable to me, for depositing the sum in the Bank of Pennsylvania which has been paid you by Colo. Shreve on my acct. but it may not be amiss to add that, if $500 have been paid into that Bank for my use, no advice of it has been given to me.

I am perfectly convinced that your observations and opinion with respect to the most advantageous mode, to wit, laying off 0103 69 my lands on the Ohio into lots of about 200 Acres is correct; and the best way to make the most of them. The reasons which have weighed against it hitherto, with me, are first it is troublesome, 2d. may be tedious in its operation, and 3d. my object being to convert the Land, aggragately into money, or some kind of Stock that I might derive a convenience and benefit from the interest during the short stay which from the natural course of things I have to remain here, the end would not be answered in a retail way without, in a manner, sinking the Capitol, receiving money in driblets is tentamount. But as you have been so good as to mention this mode, will you permit me to ask what you think the lands would sell for by the Acre, divided in the manner you suggest; and whether there is within your view, any person in whom confidence could be placed as an Agent to manage this business, who has leisure and inclination to undertake it, for an adequate compensation?

I wish you an agreeable Session, and perfect unanimity in all great questions which involve the dignity, honor and interest of our Country. With very sincere esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To TOBIAS LEAR

Mount Vernon, November 10, 1797.

Dear Sir: I have received both of your letters dated yesterday; and thank you for the information given in them.

If Mr. Liston's 47 arrangement to proceed from Alexandria to this place 48 by Water appeared to you to proceed from the want of Carriages (for I do not know in what manner he got to the City) say to him, that you are sure mine would attend upon him at any hour he wd. name at that place, to bring as many of

Robert Liston, Minister from Great Britain to the United States.

Liston visited Mount Vernon, Nov. 13–16, 1797.

0104 70 them as it would contain to Mt. Vernn. This however, as the presumption is that I am unacquainted with his intentions and movements must go as from yourself. Yours always and Affectionately.

[H.L.]

*To GEORGE LEWIS

Mount Vernon, November 13, 1797.

Dear Sir: The running off of my Cook, has been a most inconvenient thing to this family; and what renders it more disagreeable, is, that I had resolved never to become the Master of another Slave by purchase ; but this resolution I fear I must break.

I have endeavoured to hire, black or white, but am not yet supplied. A few days ago, having occasion to write to Mr. Bushrod Washington on other matters, I asked if one could be had in Richmond; the following is his answer.

Mr. Brooke (late Governor) informs me that he had a very excellent Cook, with no other fault than a fondness for liquor (which a town afforded him too many opportunities of indulging) who is now in Fredericksburg, and is to be sold. I shall write to the Gentleman who has him, not to sell him till he hears from you. Should you, under this character , wish to buy, or hire him, please address a letter to Mr. George Murray of that place. He cooked for Mr. Brooke while he was in the Government.

Let me ask you now, to see both Mr. Murray, and the man himself; and if upon conversing fully with the latter, you should be of opinion (from the account he gives of himself) that he is a good Cook, and would answer my purposes, then discover the lowest terms on which he could be had by purchase, or on hire; and inform me of the result by the first Post to wch. an answer shall be immediately given.

I should like to know the age, and as far as you are enabled to ascertain it, the temper and looks of the man described. 0105 71 Whether he has a wife, and expects to have her along with him; and in that case, what children they have; with her age and occupation. By the time I can receive an answer from you, I expect Mrs. Forbes, who was Govr. Brooke's housekeeper, will be here as my housekeeper; and from her own knowledge of the person, and your account I shall be enabled to determine what answer to give. Our loves to Mrs. Lewis &ca. I am, etc. 49

The original is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

*To DANIEL McCARTY

Mount Vernon, November 13, 1797.

Sir: Presuming from the tenor of your last letter, that there is no great probability of our meeting in the proposed exchange of lands, unless the difficulties which have occurred can be overcome; I should not have given you the trouble of receiving another letter from me on this subject had it none [ sic ] been from an expectation that those who have applied to know the terms on which I would dispose of my western lands (and required time to view them) might come forward again; and also, how far it might be advisable for me to listen to a proposition of an intelligent gentleman at Pittsburgh Mr. Ross, one of the Senators for the State of Pennsylvania in Congress, to lay these lands off into lots of Two or three hundred acres each, for the purpose of accomodating smaller purchasers; assuring me, that by doing so, he was convinced from the applications which had been made to him (on the supposition that he was empowered to sell those lands as he had before done wha [ sic ] I held in the State of Pennsylvania) that they might be disposed of to advan[tage]. I say, were it not for the desire of ascertaining previously to the adoption of a measure of this sort, or making any other disposition of the lands on the Kanhawa 0106 72 whether there be any prospect of our agreeing in an exchange, I should not have mentioned the subject again; for though I might, ultimately, derive profit from the adoption of Mr. Ross' plan, yet, it would be accomplishing by retail, what I am more inclined to do by wholesale; especially as expence, trouble and time would attend it; neither of which, at my time of life, am I disposed to encounter.

Two things seem to be obstacles in the way of our bargaining, viz, the quantity, or proportion of Western for Eastern land, and the Island appertaining to your Sugarland tract. I know the value of my own lands, or perhaps it would be more correct in me to say, I know the quality of them, or some of them, from my own actual view, but, as I have mentioned to you in a former letter, I am entirely unacquainted with the quality of yours; never having been on any part of the Sugarland tract except at a ford of the Potomack, and having had no inducement until now, I never made the least enquiry respecting it.

It was for this reason I proposed in my last letter, to view it, for if on examination it should appear more valuable than I had conceived it to be; or in other words, if I could see an equivalent, in receiving one acre, for these, a recent instance considered, I can assure you I should have stickled for no more, for I should feel no pleasure in any bargain that was not mutually satisfactory.

As you have taken no notice in your last, of the Island (proposed in the former letter to be reserved) I am more at a loss what… 50 the one I have been discussing; but as I am desirous of knowing for the reasons wch. have been assigned, whether there is any likelihood of…I would…an expedient,…to obtain…a separate sale of the Sugarland Island.

The press copy is badly mutilated. The words indicated by leaders […] are illegible.

0107 73

You are…, I am persuaded…Cash is; and too distressed…one end to the other of it, from whom our money is drawn) are. It is such as to have contained a considerable reduction in the price of produce, and almost a total stagnation in the price of real property, at this time. if this difficulty could be…would, I conceive find another of greater magnitude; and that is no purchaser who would advance money on so precarious a footing as the…of your Son;…connected with other matters as to render it.…

The expedient…to…that the equivalent he wd. receive from it, with the improvements and encreasing value of the land, by the time he comes of age would furnish you, if there should be any hesitation on his part hereafter, with the strongest arguments to induce him to unite in fulfilling the contract, and carrying it into complete effect. In this way I conceive the purposes of all the parties may be answered, and their interests secured; but as I am no professional man, it would be proper if we should agree to consult one of acknowledged abilities who is, and this I certainly should do, that proper and effectual instruments might be drawn conformative to the true intent and meaning of the parties.

When I look back and see to what length I have extendd. this letter, I am surprised at it myself, but as the intention of it is to bring matters to an issue I shall hope for an excuse. You will now be enabled from this communication of my sentimts. to decide whether any end could be answered by my taking a view of your Sugar land tract, or whether another personal interview If we should proceed so far towards a bargain as to render it necessary for me to view your Sugarland tract, and I should, on that inspection of it, agree to give three acres for one for the whole tract, I will, in nine months from this date, advance you for the purpose you have mentioned, to be secured 0108 74 by a Mortgage of the land on which you live, the sum of three or four thousand dollars. This would answer all the purposes of a seperate sale of the Island, and much better than one under disadvantageous circumstances; for to my certain knowledge, real property has lately been offered for half what it cost a year or two ago, and could not command cash on these terms. I can, I believe, with absolute certainty promise to advance this sum in the time I have mentioned, because the sales of my Pennsylvania land by Mr. Ross insures a larger payment on the first of June next and…to render a disappointment almost impossible.

It may be asked why if I get the Island in exchange, do I require a mortgage of the land on which you live? The reasons are obvious, first, in the exchange you wd. receive an equivalent for that Island; 2d. because your son can give no security for the money loaned for his use; and 3d. because it is a maxim with me, to take landed security which from its nature is unchangeable, to personal security which is subject to numberless vissitudes.

In all this business I have endeavoured to deal fairly, openly and candidly, and shall continue to do so, as a proof of it, I shall repeat what I mentioned in a former letter, with my reasons for it; namely, that entire and absolute possession shall be reciprocally given, and the free use and profits of the lands to be enjoyed by the possessors of it; the circumstance of the leases I would yield to. But the legal titles,…must remain as they are, until your son conveys his interest in the Sugarland tract for this is the only security I should have for the performance of the contract, or for indemnification if it is not at… 51

The press copy is indorsed by Washington: “This letter was never sent. Delay, for consideration first, and then other disposition of the land therein mentioned, finally withheld it.”

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To FITZGERALD, HERBERT, AND GILPIN 52

John Fitzgerald, William Herbert, and George Gilpin.

Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.

Gentlemen: On Monday last, in Alexandria, Colo. Marstellar 53 applied to me to rent my lot with the house on it in that place for three years, from the expiration of the year for wch it is now engaged (at Sixty pounds until Feby.).

Philip Marsteller.

I answered, that I was well disposed to receive him as a tenant and for the term above mentioned, but was unable to fix the rent then; being unacquainted with such as were usual in Alexandria, or might be expected within that period, but that I would leave it to you three Gentlemen, or any two of you who should agree, to say what it should be. And moreover to enumerate what repairs it would be indispensibly necessary for me to make again , it not being long the houses and inclosure were put into complete Order.

Your compliance with the request will very much oblige me, and I shall hope to be excused for the trouble it will give you. Be assured of the esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.

My dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th Inst. has been duly received, as I believe all your others have. The order for settling my Acct. as Exor. of Colvill was immediately sent to Mr. Keith who asks as

The order of Court must be published for a month in the Alexandria Gazette, and the time fixed upon for auditing the accounts made known at the foot of the order, a copy of the order served upon Mr. West, with 0110 76 a notification for the time for the review of the accounts, and as the defendants live out of the Country, a considerable length of time may be necessary to allow for entering upon the business, I could wish to be made acquainted with what you suppose to be a reasonable time before I determine any thing respecting it.

As this business has been entered upon in consequence of your advice be so good as to let me know what answer to give Mr. Keith.

We have heard nothing more of Mrs. Forbes. If it shou'd fall in your way, without formality, I should be glad if you wou'd ask Mr. Robt. Brooke if he did not receive a letter from me in Octr. on this Subject? If he did, and I see not how it shou'd be otherwise, his conduct towards me has been very ungenteel, such as I would not have meeted to him or any other.

The first knowledge we had of Mrs. Forbes was communicated by his Brother Mr. Jno. Brooke to Mr. Anderson my manager who being at Fredericksburg and expressing our want of a house keeper, the former strongly recommended Mrs. Forbes; and promised to ascertain whether she would come or not. upon a second application (by letter) from Mr. Anderson, Mr. Jno. Brooke wrote him that he had written two or three times to Richmond on this business but had recd. no answer. A few days afterward however he wrote again that Mrs. Forbes was willing to come for $150 pr Annum, and was desirous to know soon, if she wd. be accepted on those terms; advising in the same letter to avoid delay and accidents, that the answer might pass to her through his brother Robert . The first post after the receipt of this letter, viz, on the 27th Octr. I wrote to the latter enclosing this letter as an apology for giving him that trouble) requesting as a favor that he wou'd let Mrs. Forbes know that I acceeded to her terms, and wished her to proceed immediately to this place and that he would be so good as to give me some item of her character.

0111 77

Since which I have never received a line from him and presume (if I had not as much by accident as by a premeditated design) brought the matter to your View I might (if the Case is not jepordized now) have been defeated altogether in obtaining the above person as a house keeper. If any miscarriage attended my letter the thoughts I entertain of Mr. Robert Brooke are unfounded if he recd. it they will mark him pretty strongly in my estimation. Remember us kindly to Mrs. Washington, and be assured always of the friendship of Your etc. 54

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To PHILIP MARSTELLER

Mount Vernon, November 22, 1797.

Sir: The enclosed result, from our conversation on Monday last. It is left open for your perusal and presentation, and I shall consider the decision of the Gentlemen to whom it is addressed, as obligatory on me.

As no time ought to be lost in securing the stone work of the Stable, I now authorise you, to get it effectually done upon the best terms you can, without awaiting for their report, and without delay, to avoid accidents, and a greater expence. With esteem etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, November 25, 1797.

Mr. Anderson: I have given the scheme which you put into my hands for renting some of my land on the Great Kanhawa, such consideration as time and circumstances would permit.

What follows is the result.

To require such a rent, and to make it progressive to a certain period as is digested in your plan of a Rental in a country 0112 78 abounding in unsettled Lands which are open to every purchaser on a more moderate scale than I have affixed to my tract of 11,000 acres might, even to some among ourselves (not particularly acquainted with the situation and superior quality of the soil) seem high, and to foreigners, it might have the appearance of an intention to impose. But when it is considered that the above tract, and others which I hold in the Western Country (on the Rivers Ohio and Great Kenhawa) are all intervale or meadow lands upon the Banks of those rivers, in a word that they are the cream of the lands being the first choice of them near 30 years ago; that I have been offered for part thereof less valuable in my estimation than the tract which is the subject of your scheme eight dollars an acre, and that I hold the latter at ten dollars, it must be acknowledged that to let it for less than you have proposed would not comport with my interest; nor be equivalent to the interest of the purchase money at eight dollars an Acre disposed of in the public funds.

I am, however, disposed to make an experiment with the 11,000 Acre tract on the Rent, and in the manner you have proposed; provided a number of respectable men, competent to the fulfilment of an agreement would Associate, take the whole tract, and form a settlement thereon at once ; for a piece meal business would neither accord with my interest, or inclination. But it is to be clearly understood, that I do not mean by this declaration, to be restrained from accepting, before the result of the communication to your correspondent is known any offer I may approve for the above mentioned tract as many are in pursuit of it. and that res [ sic ] uncertain.

But if such an Association could be formed, on your plan, for the aforesaid tract of 11,000 acres, and advice thereof be immediately given, I would then if it was in my possession and under no engagement hold it thereafter for them, or, which 0113 79 would perhaps be more desirable, let a member of their body come over, view the land, and if approved, conclude the bargain on their behalf. This latter expedient, would prevent all suspicion of the land being too favourably represented, at the sametime that it would afford such an Agent an opportunity of examining other matters and making a more advantageous establishment elsewhere, for I should receive no satisfaction from any contract that was not mutually satisfactory.

The usual way of going to these Lands, as well those on the Great Kanhawa as to those on the Ohio, is by Fort Cumberland and Pittsburgh, and thence down the Ohio River; the distance being, by that route to the mouth of the Kanhawa about 560 miles, but of this 75 only is land transportation. The other route by Greenbrier and Kanhawa Court house to the same place, is a third shorter; and 80 miles of it water carriage, the other part is, as I am informed, a good waggon road. I wish you well, and am etc.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.

Dear Sir' I have lately received a letter from a Mr. Small of Philadelphia, informing me that the Coach I used in the City, was yet unsold; that it was accumulating expence; and not more than two hundred dollars had been offered for it; when, according to his acct. $300 was the value fixed thereon.

I intended to have sent his letter to you, but it has been mislaid, or lost. I shall beg the favour of you, however, to sell, or cause it to be sold, for whatever it will fetch. Who limited the price to $300 I know not, but took it for granted that it had been disposed of many days ago. Receive, and place the proceeds to the credit of Dear Sir Your etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To RICHARD PARKINSON

Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.

Sir: Your letter dated “Doncaster August 28th. 1797” has been received.

In answer thereto, I inform you, that I had engaged my largest farm to Gentleman in the vicinity of it for the ensuing year (on the terms mentioned in the plan I took the liberty of transmitting to Sir John Sinclair, and which, having seen as you say, it is unnecessary for me to detail) but some circumstances afterwards occurring, unforseen at the time, induced a postponement of the measure until the year 1799, when it may, or may not, as I shall find it most convenient, be renewed.

The other farms are entirely free, and must remain in my possession until the crops of 1798 (the greater part of which being in the ground) are harvested. Of course, if you should come to this country in March next, shall then like any of my farms, and we should be mutually disposed to bargain for one of them, on lease , it is not probable there will be any impediment in the way. In the meantime, you may be assured that it would be highly satisfactory to me, to have English, or Scotch farmers who are able and willing, and who can be well recommended to me, to be the Cultivators of the farms of my Mount Vernon estate.

I not only approve of your circumspect conduct in viewing the farms previous to engagement, but can assure you that I should be unwilling to enter into any contract with any person for either of them before it was done as no agreement would be pleasing to me that did not give mutual satisfaction.

I thank you for your kind intention of sending me your treatise on Agriculture, entitled, “the practical farmer” and will chearfully pay the cost of it. I am etc.

To SIR JOHN SINCLAIR

Mount Vernon, November 28, 1797.

Sir: The Copy of Mr. Parkinson's letter and my answer both of which are enclosed for your perusal and the latter to be forwarded is the best apology I can offer for giving you the Trouble of this Address.

As he has taken the liberty of naming you as a Gentleman to whom he is well known I have followed his example (as he writes to me on an interesting Subject) in doing the same to enquire if he shou'd make the Application in person which his letter contemplates, whether his character, abilities as a farmer and capital are such as to enable him to stock and manage a farm the rent of which would be (according to his choice of those I have to let) from a thousand to eighteen hundred Dollars per annum, or wheat equivalent.

I should not my good Sir have used the freedom to ask this information had not Mr. Parkinson declared that it was by your advice he has made the Application and means to pursue it in March next. If he comes under such auspices it would recommend him strongly to me; and to know it in time wou'd be pleasing to Your etc. 55

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To JOHN NICHOLAS 56

Clerk of Albemarle County court.

Mount Vernon, November 30, 1797.

Sir: I know not how to thank you sufficiently, for the kind intention of your obliging favour of the 18th. instant. If the object of Mr. Langhorne, who to me, in person and character, is an entire stranger, was such as you suspect, it will appear from 0116 82 my answer to his letter 57 that he fell far short of his mark. But as the writer of it seems to be better known to you, and that you may be the better enabled to form a more correct opinion of the design, I take the liberty of transmitting a copy of it along with the answer. If they should be a mean of detecting any nefarious plan of those who are assailing the government in every shape that can be devised I shall feel happy in having had it in my power to furnish them. If the case be otherwise, the papers may be committed to the flames, and the transaction buried in oblivion. To confess the truth, I denominated Mr. Langhorne in my “minds eye” a pedant, who was desirous of displaying the flowers of his pen. In either case, I wd. thank you for the result of the investigation.

The original “Langhorne” letter is in the Washington Papers .

In your journey to Philadelphia or at any other time, or upon any occasion, I should be happy to see you at this place; having had a very high regard for your father 58 while living, and a long acquaintance with him in public life as members of the Legislature of this State. With very great esteem etc.

The late John Nicholas, brother of Robert Carter Nicholas.

*To JAMES WELCH

Mount Vernon, December 1, 1797.

Sir: Your proposition to Lease my several tracts of Land on the Great Kanhawa, containing by the Patent 23216 acres, being handed to me by Mr. James Cooper while I had company, and was just going to dinner allowed me scarcely time to make a few hasty remarks then; nor am I much better enabled now I have considered them, to answer your propl. first, because I do not understand the principle upon which you have established the rents; 2dly because I am not inclined to give a lease in 0117 83 perpetuity; 3dly because my interest will certainly require that I should attend to the manner in which these lands are to be disposed of to Sub-tenants (notwithstanding they may be let to an individual from certain term) and how they are to be improved, also, what proportion of the wood should be reserved for the support of each farm &ca. &ca. 4thly how the fulfilment of the bargain is to be insured, and the Rents secured; for it is not to be presumed that I would place it in the power of any one to strip the land of all its growth in the course of a few years, leaving me, or my heirs, no other alternative than to repossess it thus injured, or to sell it at an under rate to those who might hold the Woodland back of it; 5thly as I have no doubt of selling these lands for more than eight dollars pr. acre by instalments, if divided into lots of from one to five hundred acres (one fourth of the money to be paid down, and the residue in three annual payments with interest) it is hardly to be expected that I would part with the fee simple thereof for eight dollars an acre at any time that might best suit the Leasee, within ten years, while the Rent, according to your proposition (after two years exemption) is, fixed at $9883 until the year 1801, and then, if I understand your scheme, but suppose I do not, as (besides lying out of the Rents 6 years) they, contrary to all usage, are reduced, instead of being increased. I say an indulgence of this sort, under such circumstances, cannot be expected, when the common interest arising from the Sale of 23000 acs. at eight dollars only, would amt. to $11,040 annually, from the day of Sale.

If, after giving you this view of my sentiments on your last proposition, you should think a personal interview would contribute to the removal of difficulties, I should as I am rarely from home, except in my usual rides between breakfast and dinner, be ready to give it, at any time that may be convenient to yourself, before you leave Alexandria. I am etc.

*To JOHN LUZAC 59

Philologist and professor of Greek in the University of Leyden; editor in chief of the Gazette de Leyde .

Mount Vernon, December 2, 1797.

Sir: The letter for which I am indebted to your politeness, dated “Leyden the 10th. of September 1797” with the book which accompanied it, I had the pleasure to receive about three days since, and, in thanking you for both, I hasten to acknowledge the sense I have of the favorable sentiments you have been pleased to express of me.

To have steered my Bark amid the intricacies of variegated public employment to a haven of rest with an approving conscience; and while receiving the approbation of my own country for the part I have acted, to meet similar proofs of it from many of the moderate and virtuous of other countries consummates my greatest wish and all my ambition and in my eye is more precious than any thing, that Power or riches could have bestowed.

In times of turbulence, when the passions are afloat, calm reason is swallowed up in the extremes to wch. measures are attempted to be carried; but when those subside and the empire of it is resumed, the man who acts from principle, who pursues the paths of truth, moderation and justice, will regain his influence. Such, I persuade myself will be, if it has not already been, your case.

To the writings and conduct of men of this description (amongst whom you have always been placed) America is much indebted. And as a private citizen, for that is the class in which I now move, I offer you my thanks for the part you have acted, and for the Annals you have been pleased to record of one, who with pleasure subscribes himself your obedient, &c.

*To BARTHOLOMEW DANDRIDGE

Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 18th. of June has been duly received, and gave us the first certain acct. of your arrival in Holland, which we received with pleasure.

My family are much as you left them, and my avocations being altogether of a domestic nature I concern myself little in matters beyond my outer Inclosures; indeed I find enough to do within them, for upon a more critical examination of my buildings and appendages it has been discovered, that in a year or two more some of them wou'd not have been susceptible of repair. More by accident than design it was (luckily) discovered in time, that the great girder which supports the sleepers in my new room was so much decayed that a Company only moderately large wou'd have sunk altogether into the Cellar. In short I have been surrounded with workmen of different descriptions ever since I came home and am not yet done with them and shall for some time to come have occasion for a Joiner.

As it may be in your power to give some explanation of the matter, I shall inform you that in looking over my public Accts. which you closed at Philadelphia, previously to your embarkation for Europe, I was surprized to find the following article of charge when but the April before I was similarly debited in a sum of two hundred and odd Dollars “By errors, losses and accounts paid at different times and omitted to be entered $1147.15.”

This is a large omission in the space of a twelve month; It wou'd require a number of small accounts to form such an aggregate, and the receipts to large ones ought to have corrected the error. I mention it however to see if you can furnish an explanation.

0120 86

We suppose your mother and friends arc well because we have heard nothing to the contrary. Your brother William I know is, because I see him but a few days ago. Your Aunt and others of the family unite with me in very good wishes for your happiness and prosperity and with Affectionate regard etc.

P.S. Mrs. Peter has got another daughter, Mr. and Mrs. Law and their daughter are now here and well.

*To LOUIS DE LA COLOMBE 60

A French émigré at Philadelphia. He had been adjutant general of the National Guard of France when Lafayette was in command of it.

Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.

Sir: Your favour of the 21st. ulto. 61 came duly to hand; for the pleasing and interesting contents of it, I offer you my best thanks; notwithstanding I had received by the same Mail, similar accounts from our Ministers at London and the Hague, inclosing extracts of letters to them from the Consul of the United States at Hamburgh.

In the Washington Papers .

I congratulate you, on the happy event of the liberation of our mutual friend Genl. Lafayette, whose reception in this country will be, I am sure, cordial from all descriptions of people; from none more than myself.

The answer given by him to the Minister is noble, and worthy of himself. The only regret I should feel on his arrival in America (if it shd. happen soon) would be his disappointment at not finding his Son here. I said all I could, with decency, both to him and Mr. Frestel to induce their awaiting direct accounts from the Prisoners before their departure; but the eagerness of the former to embrace his Parents in the first moments of their release from a cruel imprisonment was not to be restrained. Among other arguments I observed that 0121 87 although it was not probable , yet it was at least possible that they might be crossing the Ocean in different directions at the same time. Unfortunate indeed would this be for both, especially the Son, should it so happen. Slow travelling, and a little delay at Hamburgh of Genl. Lafayette and family, may give time for the arrival of the Son at Havre; and I hope it will be the case; for the shock must be great to both parties, if they should pass each other. With esteem &c.

PS. As the enclosure seems to have been a Paper transmitted for your satisfaction I return it at a [illegible].

*To WILLIAM VANS MURRAY

Mount Vernon, December 3, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favors of the 26th of August (and a duplicate) and 16th. and 17th. of Septr. with the enclosures have been duly received, and meet as they ought my particular thanks. The letter alluded to in the first is yet missing, but may notwithstanding get to hand.

I feel much obliged by your polite attention to me, and though from retirement you can receive little more in return from me than sincere friendship I shall hope for a continuation of your correspondence. I rarely stir from home, never beyond Alexandria or the Federal City; indeed if my inclinations were more extensive business would restrain them; for at no period of my life have I been more closely engaged (though more importantly employed) than during the months I have been at home. Hardly a resident for the last five and twenty years at this place, eight of them at file close thereof, I have found upon an examination into the state of my buildings, that time and want of attention (which short occasional Visits while I was in the Administration of Government allowed me 0122 88 not leizure to bestow) have caused such depredations thereon and every thing connected with them and have so deranged all matters of private concern, that what with the plague and trouble proceeding from the number of workmen I have been obliged to employ, and of other matters little interesting to any but myself I have been occupied from the “rising of the sun to the setting of the same,” and which as the wise man has said “may be all vanity and vexation of spirit,” but as I did not seek it a source of happiness, but entered upon as a case of necessity, a line may be drawn between his disappointmts. and mine.

Your account and others, which I received about the same time of the liberation of Genl. De Lafayette, is interesting and highly pleasing. Should he with his family proceed immediately to America as is enjoined upon him by the Emperor he will experience one source of regret on his arrival, namely that his son sailed for Havre about the last of Octr. in expectation of finding him in Paris (from the measures the Directory had taken to obtain his releasement). I proceeded as far as a strong opposing opinion would allow me to induce him to await direct advice of this event from his father but his eagerness to embrace his parents and Sisters, in the first moments of their liberation; the belief that the Prisoners at Almutz were released, before it actually (as it seems) had happened; and conviction that he wou'd be under no embarrassments in France even if they were not, overcame all opposition. I went so far however as to observe, that it was possible though perhaps not probable that he and his friends might be upon the Ocean steering different courses at the same time. But as this, under the then appearance of things was not supposed likely to happen, his fear of a winter passage gave the preponderance, and on the 26th. of Octr. he set sail from New York for Havre de grace.

0123 89

I am very glad to find that the Colleagues of General Pinckney had arrived safe in Holland, and that all three according to Newspaper accts. were set down in Paris. What their reception has been and what may be the issue of the negociation with which they are charged, is not for me to pronounce, the late revolution however at that place, will not introduce them under the most favorable auspices in my opinion; but this event like all other Acts of the French Government is extolled by men amongst us as a master piece of Vigilance, wisdom and patriotism. The means used to effect this are not overlooked , but applauded; of course then Constitution, like Treaties, are not obligatory when they become inconvenient. but I will quit politics and having nothing of a domestic nature to entertain you with shall soon put an end to my letter. Congress are in Session and as the Gazettes are transmitted to you, you will learn more from them than I could say. Mr. Izard I have not seen. The enclosed letters I take the liberty of committing to your care, and with compliments for Mrs. Murray in which Mrs. Washington unites, I remain with much truth, etc.

*To CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY

Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.

My dear Sir: With much pleasure I received your letter of the 19th. of September from Rotterdam; and that pleasure proceeded in a great measure from the congeniality of sentiments which prevail between you and Genl. Marshall; having taken the liberty of introducing him to you as a Gentleman, in whom you might place entire confidence.

What has been the reception of the Embassy by the French Directory, is, to me, unknown; and what will be the result of it, is not for me to predict. The change, however, which took place at Paris on the 4th of September adds nothing to my 0124 90 hope of a favourable issue. In this I may be mistaken; but of another thing I am certain I shall not, and that is, that the failure (if such be the case) cannot be attributed to the want of justice on the part of the United States or from the want of an able representation of it, on the part of their Negociators. Of course the issue must be favourable, or conviction will be produced in all, except those who do not want to be convinced, that we have nothing to expect from the justice of the Nation with whom we are treating. In either case we shall ascertain our ground.

That the Government of France views us as a divided people, I have little doubt; and that they have been led to entertain that opinion from representations, and the conduct of many of our own citizens, is still less doubtful; but I shall be very much mistaken, indeed, in the mass of the People of the United States, if an occasion should call for an unequivocal expression of the public voice, if the first wd. not find themselves very much deceived; and the latter (their leaders excepted) to change their notes. I pray devoutly that the Directory may not bring the matter to trial.

I have received the letter and Book 62 from Mr. Luzac of Leyden, which are mentioned in yours, and have offered him my thanks for both, in a letter put under cover to Mr. Murray at the Hague, expressive also of the sense I entertain of his uniform and friendly sentiments towards these United States.

The title is not mentioned either in Luzac's or Pinckney's letters, but it is probably the volume listed in the “Inventory &c. of Articles at Mount Vernon,” made by the appraisers of Washington's estate, as “Luzac's Oration.”

Mr. Izard, I have not yet seen, if he should call upon me on his way to Charleston I shall be very happy; on many accts.; to shew him all the civility in my power. The enclosed for young Lafayette I must request your care of. Having received premature advice (from some of his correspondants in Hamburgh) 0125 91 of the liberation of his father and friends, his eagerness to embrace them in the first moments of it, could not be restrained; although I endeavoured to convince him that it would be more prudent to await the confirmation from themselves ; and among other things observed to him, that although it was not probable , still it was possible , that his Parents might be on their Voyage to America whilst he was seeking them in Europe. Should this prove to be the case (as appears not unlikely from the injunction of the Emperor) it will be a matter of sore regret to both. The confidence however, which he placed in his information; the advancement of the Season, and his fear of a Winter passage; gave the preponderancy to his inclination over my opinion. He is a sensible and well disposed young man, full of felial affection and every sentiment to render him estimable.

Information with respect to public matters, will go to you from a more direct, and purer fountain than mine, I mean from the Department of State; and that which more immediately concerns myself, is too unimportant to trouble you with, further than to assure you, which I can do with much truth, that in your public mission, and in your private capacity, I wish you all the success, and prosperity that your heart can desire; and that with the greatest sincerity I am, etc. 63

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City.

*To FELIX FRESTAL

Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your conjunct letters from New York and 2nd: of Novr. from Sea, and your seperate letter of the 22d. of October 64 from the former place, have all been received with that

All three of these letters from George Washington Motier Lafayette and Frestal are in the Washington Papers .

0126 92 satisfaction which I shall always feel in hearing that you are well, and happy; as I sincerely wish you may be in a meeting of your friends in the bosom of your native Country.

For the flattering terms in which you have expressed your sense of the civilities, which your merits alone independent of the consideration of being the mentor and companion of our young friend, richly entitled you to, I offer you my thanks. And for the sentiments of friendship with which you are pleased to honor me, I shall always entertain a lively and grateful remembrance. You carried with you the regrets of the whole family, at parting; and I can assure you Sir, that if you should visit America again we shall feel very happy in seeing you under this roof; and in your walks.

Except the commencement (if we are to judge from appearances) of a very hard Winter, nothing have occurred since you left us, which is at all interesting. The branches of this family with which you are acquainted, remain in Statu quo; except that Mrs. Peter has added another daughter to the Stock, and my nephew Lawrence Washington a wife to his bosom; at the ceremonial of which Lawrence Lewis attended, and is not yet returned.

I will engross no more of your time than while I can assure you, of the very great esteem etc.

*To JOHN MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, December 4, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your very interesting and obliging favor of the 15th. of September from the Hague, came duly to hand, and I thank you sincerely for the important details with which it is fraught, and pray for the continuation of them.

I congratulate you too on your safe arrival from Ship-board; and, as the Newspapers tell us, at Paris; and I wish in a little 0127 93 while hence I may have it in my power to do the same on the favourable conclusion of your Embassy, and happy return to your family and friends in this Country. To predict the contrary might be as unjust as it would be impolitic, and therefore, Mum, on that topic. Be the issue however, what it may, three things I shall be perfectly satisfied of; and these are, that nothing which justice, sound reasoning, and fair representation would require, will be wanting to render it just and honorable; and if it is not so, that the eyes of all, in this country, who are not wilfully blind, and resolved to remain so (some from one motive, and some from another), will be fully opened; and lastly, that if the French Directory proceed on the supposition that the parties in these United States are nearly equal, and that one of them would advocate their measures in the dernier resort, they will greatly deceive themselves; for the Mass of our Citizens require no more than to understand a question to decide it properly, and an adverse conclusion of the Negotiation will effect this. Indeed, I believe it may be said with truth, that a very great change in the public mind has taken place already. The leaders, it is true, attempt to keep up the Ball: which is evidently declining; but as both houses of Congress have formed quorums, and received the Presidents Speech, the response of the Representative branch will be some criterian by which this opinion of mine may be tried, though not a conclusive one.

The situation of things in Holland is a good lesson for us, if we are disposed to profit by it; but unfortunately the nature of man is such, that the experience of others is not attended to as it ought to be; we must feel ourselves , before we can think, or perceive the danger that threatens; but as this letter (after it quits the Office of the Secretary of State, to whose care I shall send it) may pass through many hands, I shall dwell very little on European Politics. It is laughable enough, however, to 0128 94 behold those men, amongst us , who were reprobating in the severest terms, and sounding the Tocsin upon every occasion that a wild imagination could torture into a stretch of Power, or unconstitutionality in the Executive of the United States, all of a sudden become the warm advocates of those high handed measures of the French Directory which succeeded the arrestations on the 4th. of September: and this too without denying that the barriers of the constitution under which they acted have been overleaped , but do it on the ground of tender mercy , and an unwillingness to shed blood. But so it always has been, and I presume ever will be with men, who are governed more by passion and party views than by the dictates of justice, temperance and sound policy. If there were good grounds to suspect that the proscribed and banished characters were engaged in a conspiracy against the Constitution of the People's choice, to seize them even in an irregular manner, might be justified upon the ground of expediency, or self preservation; but after they were secured and amenable to the Laws to condemn them without a hearing; and consign them to punishment more rigorous perhaps than death is the summit of despotism.

A very severe winter has commenced. Since the first of November we have hardly experienced a moderate Day; heavy rains following severe frosts have done more damage to the Winter grain, now growing, than I recollect ever to have seen. At this moment and for several days past, all the Creeks and small waters are hard bound with Ice, and the Navigation of the River, if not entirely stopped is yet, very much impeded by it. The Crops of Indian Corn in the lower parts of the State, have been uncommonly great: midway of it, tolerably good; but under the Mountains and above them, extremely bad, with partial exceptions. The Wheaton Crop, in quantity turned out better than was expected; in quality remarkable fine; the white or early wheat, weighing from 60, to 64 lb. pr. bushel.

0129 95

The Virginia assembly is, or ought to be, in Session; but what the temper of it is I know not. Its composition you must be better acquainted with than I am.

Young Lafayette, too fondly led by his eagerness to embrace his Parents and Sisters in the first moments of their releasement from Prison; and unintentionally deceived by premature accounts from his frds. at Hamburg, that this event had actually taken place; embarked for this purpose on the 26th. of Octr. at New York for Havre de Grace. Since which, official accts. having been received of the terms on which his liberation was granted by the Emperor the meeting in Europe is become problematical; a circumstance, should it happen, which will be sorely regretted on both sides. I said all I could to induce him to wait here until he should receive a direct advice from his father but his impatience on the one hand, and his confidence in the information he had received that his Parents were on their way to Paris, on the other, his apprehensions from a winter passage, and belief that, he should not be illy received in France; even if they were not there, turned the scale against my opinion and advice that he should postpone his departure until he heard from him or one of the family. With very great esteem etc.

*To GEORGE WASHINGTON MOTIER LAFAYETTE

Mount Vernon, December 5, 1797.

My dear George: With that pleasure which I shall always feel at hearing from you, or of any thing which may contribute to your happiness, I received your several letters from New York, dated in October and that of the 2d. of November from Sea, by Mr. Latimer. If my best vows would have contributed to a prosperous Voyage, and a happy meeting with your Parents and Sisters in France, both must have happened to the 0130 96 utmost extent of your wishes 'ere this, for they were offered on the Altar of Sincerity; and are now followed with assurances that, if you should ever return to America again, that you will find the same cordial reception within the Walls of this Mansion, as you have heretofore experienced.

Great as my wishes are that you may have met with your Parents in France, I am not without fear, from our late accounts that you have been disappointed. How far the event which took place in Paris, on the 4th. of September, may have effected their prospects in that Country, is not for me (who knows so little of the principles which governed on that occasion) to express any opinion thereon; but as I have seen an official report from the American Consul at Hamburgh, of the terms on which the Prisoners at Olmutz were released, the proceedings of your Parents after their arrival at Hamburgh, is rendered equivocal with us.

Few things have occurred, since you left us which merit attention, except an earlier Winter than has almost ever been known; for since the beginning of November we have scarcely experienced a moderate day; and at this moment the Mercury in Fahrenht. is standing at 10° only above 0. The Creeks and smaller Waters are all shut up, and the navigation of the River is much impeded by Ice.

Mrs. Peter has added another daughter to the family and both mother and child are well, as are Mr. and Mrs. Law and their child, who are now here on a visit before their departure for Philadelphia, at which place they propose to spend the Winter. The younger parts of this family are also in good health, and unite most cordially with me in tendering you their best wishes, to which I add assurances of the sincere friendship and affectionate regard of Yours etc.

0131 97

P.S. As you noticed in one of your letters from New York Christopher's excursion to Bethleham, I have pleasure in informing you, that he derived so much aid from the medicine he took as to have remained perfectly well ever since; and has placed such confidence in his Doctrs. skill, that he wou'd not again dispair of being cured of the bite of a mad dog; if the Hydrophoby was strong upon him.

To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE

Mount Vernon, December 5, 1797.

My dear Sir: Not knowing when, where or whether ever this letter may reach your hands the contents will be small, and the purport merely congratulatory on your releasement from a cruel imprisonment; the official acct. of which we have at length received.

On what principle you have undergone this rigorous treatment, I have been unable to divine, but be this as it may, no one rejoices more than I do that a period is put to it.

By the Gazettes we are informed and it is confirmed by the American Consul at Hamburg, who received it from the imperial Minister, that you were to proceed immediately from Olmutz to that place where eight days only was allowed you to remain before you were enjoined to embark for America or steer for Holland; thus far and no further are we informed and under this alternative we are unable to decide, since the event of the 4th. of Septr. at Paris, what has been your choice. If to come to this Country it will be a matter of extreme regret that your Son led by an ardent desire and premature advice of your liberation, has flown to France in hopes and expectation of embracing his Parents and Sisters in the first moments of 0132 98 their releasement. If the latter, the meeting with such a Son deserving of all your care and attention must be supremely happy; and may considered I hope as an indication of a favorable disposition to receive you again into the bosom of your country. Viewing the matter on either point it renders a further expression of my sentiments unnecessary: for if by going to Holland you shou'd meet your son he will present a letter from me to you, of which he is the bearer: on the other hand if you should proceed from Hamburg to America, this letter which I shall also put under cover to George, cannot find you in Europe. I shall only add therefore, that if the latter shou'd happen to be the case, that of all the numerous friends which you will find here none will greet you, Madam Lafayette and your daughters with a more sincere and cordial welcome than myself and all parts of this family would do. all of whom have felt for your suffering and rejoice exceedingly that a period is so far put to them, as to be released from a cruel imprisonment; to go further in assurances of my friendship and regard would be unnecessary, as you must be convinced of the affectionate attachment of him who has been always Sincerely Yours.

P.S. Mrs. Washington Unites with me in respectful complts., and every good wish for you Madam Delafayette and Daughters. 65

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To RUFUS KING

Mount Vernon, December 6, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 6th. of September has been duly received, and for the information contained in the enclosure, respecting Genl. Lafayette, I offer you my thanks. The footing on which his releasement is placed by the Emperor, and the 0133 99 succeeding event in Paris, on the 4th of September, renders his proceedings after he gets to Hamburgh, problematical.

Should these circumstances (for it is not easy to say what effect the latter may have on his prospects in France) induce him to steer his course immediately for this Country, it will be a matter of sore regret to him, and his Son, that they shall have passed each other on the Ocean.

Deluded (though not designedly) by premature information of his parents liberation and journeying to France, by a correspondent at Hamburgh, his eagerness to embrace them, and his Sisters, in the first moments of their reception in France; the fear of a Winter passage (should he delay his departure); and persuasion, as he left his native country under the authority of the Government, that he had nothing to apprehend from his return to it; overcame my advice to him to await a direct account from his father which would not only have ascertain'd the fact but might also have pointd. out a course which he would have him pursue. Nay, I went so far as to tell him, that although it was not probable, it was nevertheless possible, he might be disappointed of his object, by the means which seems likely to have happened; but his purpose, from the considerations already mentioned, were not to be diverted and being excited by the purest filial affection, for he is really a sensible, amiable, and valuable youth, I shall feel much for the disappointment of both parties, if they do not meet in Europe. With the highest esteem etc.

[N.Y.H.S.]

*To JAMES WELCH

Mount Vernon, December 7, 1797.

Sir: I have revolved the subject of our yesterdays conversation, and as you disclosed a spirit of liberality in it, I wish we 0134 100 may agree; but I shall inform you with frankness that to part with the fee simple in my Kanhawa lands is the greatest impediment in the way of our bargaining; and I will, as frankly assign the reasons.

It has got about, I do not know how, that eight dollars pr. acre is the price I had fixed upon my Kanhawa lands, but this is a mistake, the most I ever said on the subject (unless my memory has failed me much) has been that I had been offered eight dollars an acre for some of my lands on the Ohio of inferior quality (in my estimation) and had refused it, and it is likely I might have added, that if the whole of my western lands cd. be disposed of at that rate , that I would accept the offer, but it is to be recollected that this would have included near 10,000 Acres on the Ohio, between the Great and little Kanhawa, and 3000 On the little Miami, near the mouth thereof. It is well known that I have declared often, that no one should have my tract of 10,990 acres on the Great Kanhawa for less than ten dollars an acre, if for that, as I know the possibilities of it myself well, having been 3 days on it myself, and you yourself observed, yesterday, that you conceived the other tracts of mine on that River, were very little inferior to it.

Notwithstanding this detail and expression of my sense of the value of these lands, I shall candidly acknowledge that the rent you offer for them is as much as could be expected under present circumstances, if the annual payment of it can be secured for the first Six years, in the manner you have suggested. After which, the presumption being, that within that time, for your own security, you will take care to have responsible Tenants thereon, the risk will be less, and the property possessed by them, together with the right of Re-entry, may be deemed sufficit.

0135 101

Under this statement of the case, I make you the following offer, which comes pretty near to your own proposition; that is to say, as the four tracts on the Kanhawa contain 23,215 Acres by the Patents, and by presumption more , you shall have a lease of the whole, with proper covenants, skilfully drawn, for thirty years at the rent of $11,143 pr. annum, to become due the last day of Decr. in every year, and payable the first day of May in each; April being an improper season to commence the operations of the years Agriculture which is equivalent, to the interest of a Sale at $8. pr. Acre, and shall be subject thereto in fee within Six years from the first day of January next, provided the Rents are punctually paid during that time; and provided also, that the sum of $200,000 is paid down at the time of the transfer of the Land in fee simple. And that you may be the better enabled to provide tenants and to do this, the first years Rent (to become due the last of Decr. 1798) shall be only $5,000; and the 2d. years rent shall be $8,000 only. 23,216 acres at $8. would amount to no more than $185,728, but so sure am I, that such lands as these must rise in price, that it admits of no doubt, in my mind, that the latter sum paid in a short time, and vested in Stock (3 pr Cts. particularly) would be more advantageous than the former, at, or near the end of Six years, I should not therefore hesitate a moment in giving it the preference.

At the end of thirty years, if the land, before the expiration of six years, is not disposed of in fee simple as above, the lease may be renewed, so as to complete Ninety nine years on the same Covenants, conditioned however for payment of the annual Rent during that period, of $22,286.

If these, which are the great out lines of the proposed agreement, are acceeded to, there can be little or no difference in opinion with respect to other matters; but it may not be amiss, nevertheless, to add that, the tracts are to be laid off into 0136 102 tenements of a proper size, or sizes, say, for instance from one to 300 acres; that suitable buildings shall be erected, and Orchds. planted within a limited time; that certain proportion of the Woodland and Timber on each tenement, shall be reserved for the support thereof, &ca. &ca; not unusual for the Security of the rights of both Landlord and tenants.

As you requested to know my sentiments on your proposal, today, I have written you this long letter, in haste; if the contents meet your approbation, a line or two will express it, or it may be verbally communicated to Sir Yr. etc.

*To JAMES KEITH

Mount Vernon, December 10, 1797.

Dear Sir: I have just concluded a bargain with Mr. James Welch of Greenbrier County, for four tracts of land of which I am possessed on the River Kanhawa, and in the County of Kanhawa now Kanhawa, formerly in sevl. other Counties (as you will see by the Patents, and Conveyance herewith enclosed) on the following terms; that is to say, I agree to lease the said lands, to the said James, for the term of 30 years, to commence on the 1st. day of January next (1798) at the Rent of $5,000 for the first year, to conclude the 31st of Decr. following for $8,000 the next year, and from thence until the expiration of the 30 yrs. for $11,143 annually; and for 99 years thereafter on an annual Rent of $22,286. The Rents are always to become due on the aforesaid 31st of Decr. in each year, and destrainable for two Calendar months thereafter. With express Covenants to Re-enter upon the land if the same is not regularly and duly paid.

It is further agreed, that the said James Welch not only may, but shall, lay out the aforesaid tracts of land into convenient tenements of from 50, to 300 Acres according to the abilities, 0137 103 and force of the applicants; and may let the same, but for no longer term than is granted to himself. Each tenant being obliged within 66 years to build a comfortable dwelling house of Stone or Brick, or of Wood with a stone or Brick Chimney; build a Barn, plant orchards and make meadow suitable to the size, and importance of the Tenement; and is moreover, to be compelled to keep a fourth of the Wood and timber in reserve (for the support of the premises) until the expiration of the terms for which the tracts are granted being 30 years; and ⅕ to remain so at the expiration of the further term of 99 years. The Sub-tenants to be subject to all the covenants that the principal is, for the Landlords security except the quantum of Rents (which is to be a matter between themselves).

Left blank in the original.

Lastly, it is agreed that the said James Welch shall have the priviledge of purchasing the fee simple in the aforesaid tracts on the following conditions; that is, if on the 1st. day of Jany. which shall be in the year 1804 he shall pay the sum of $50,000, one fourth of the Rent of $11,143 shall cease for that year; if on the 1st day of Jany. 1805 $50,000 more shall be paid, another fourth of the rent shall be deminished for that year; if $50,000 more shall be paid on the first of Jany. in the year 1806, another fourth of the rent shall cease for that year: and if, on the 1st. day of Jany. 1807 $50,000 more shall be paid, then, and thereafter, the Rents are to cease altogether, and the said Jas. Welch is to be seized in fee, of the property; and a conveyance thereof is to be made accordingly. But it is understood, and must be clearly so expressed, that in failure of exact payments on or before the days above mentioned, all rights, or possession of right, to the purchase of the Fee simple, ceases from thence forward; but if the first $50,000 is paid, and a failure takes place of the second on the day appointed, then, and in that case the whole 0138 104 Rent of $11,143 recommences from that time and the $50,000 so paid is to go in discharge of the future rents, wch. [illegible] in that way, and the same if the 2d payment is added to the first, and the 3d. fails, or the 3d added to the other two, and the 4th fails; the positive agreement being, that nothing less than the whole sum of $200,000 pd. precisely at the time aforesaid shall entitle the said Welch a fee simple estate in these lands, and all payments short of the whole sum shall be applied in discharge of the future rents, at the rate of $11,143 pr. Annum, until they are expended in this manner.

Being informed that you occasionally employ yourself in draughts of this sort, I apply to you, on this occasion, in preference to any other, being persuaded, as it is a matter of importance that you will give due attention thereto. Whether it is usual for the Lessor the Lessee to pay for the instruments of this sort I know not, but I will see you paid [mutilated] Mr. Welch that I would be in Alexandria on tuesday next ; against which time if you could have the draught (or rough copy of it) ready, it would be convenient to us both. The right of Re-entry and usual covenants for security of the Landlord and Tenant will of course be inserted [illegible] is to give me [illegible] collateral security for the payment of the first rents; but this will be an after matter. I am always etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, December 11, 1797.

Dear Sir: At the sametime that I acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 20th. Ulto. enclosing a translation of the Spanish letter, and one from Mr. King let me beg the favour of you to forward these which go under cover with this, to their respective Addresses, along with your own if you should have occasion to write soon to our public characters abroad; or by the 0139 105 first conveyances if you should not. That to Sir John Sinclair I wish, more than the others, might be forwarded soon.

The probability is that young Lafayette will be disappointed in his expectation of meeting his parents and Sisters in France, or even in Europe. I said everything to him I could, with decency to induce him to await direct advice from his father, before he departed from this Country. I even went so far before the condition annexed to his releasement by the Emperor was known, or the Explosion in Paris was suspected, to tell him that altho' the event was not probable, it nevertheless was possible, that he might be going to Europe when his relations were coming to America, and endeavoured to impress the idea upon him that the moment his father was in a situation to write to him that he would; and more than probable point out the course he would have him pursue; but having received letters from some of his correspondents in Europe, informing him of his liberation, and that he was actually on his journey to Paris, his eagerness to see them could no longer be restrained particularly as delay might involve him in a Winters passage, of which he was affraid, and having come out under the authority of the French Government, because he was under no apprehension of ill treatment, if the information he had received was premature.

It will, however, be a matter of sore disappointment and regret, if his Parents have embarked for America before he sees them in Europe, and will be a source of much concern to me also, for he is an amiable and sensible youth; and his eagerness to go, the effect of ardent filial and fraternal affection, and a longing desire to embrace them in the first moments of their liberation from cruel captivity. The disappointment will be as sorely felt by his Parents if they should miss each other.

I hope the calm, with which this Session of Congress has commenced, will not be succeeded by a storm; I shall confess 0140 106 however that my expectations fall far short of my hopes on this occasion. Tranquility will not continue to the end of it; nor can harmony be looked for, while the same men who were sounding the Tocsin at everything that a wild imagination could construe into even a tendency to stretch the Powers of Government here, are advocating the most outrageous violations of it, elsewhere. But no conduct is too absurd, or inconsistent for some men, to give into. To hasten (as you will perceive) to get my letters to the Post office in time; I am with very great Esteem etc.

*To RICHARD PARKINSON

Mount Vernon, December 15, 1797.

Sir: Since my last of the 28th Ult, a copy of which you will find on the other side I have received your letter of the 27th. of Septr: to which I find little to add, further than to assure you, that it would be very pleasing to me to have my Farms in the hands of skilful Agriculturists, who are able and willing , to manage them properly. Such if their capitol be sufficient to afford me the necessary security, might enter upon mine with very convenient advantages, as the draught Cattle, stock of every kind and farming implements, or such parts thereof as they might want and I could spare, might go along with the farms at a reasonable valuation; to be paid for at such time or times, and in such manner as may be agreed upon; all of which being on the spot, and assimilated to the Farms, would be convenient to any one, but infinitely more so to a stranger, on his arrival, who would and perhaps without knowing where, have these things to provide, to enable him to prosecute his plan of husbandry.

From the plans of my farms, which have been shewn you by Sir John Sinclair, you will have perceived that they are large, 0141 107 and require a good deal of force to carry on the various operations of them, I mention this circumstance to caution you against an expectation which you might otherwise have entertained, that labourers in this, as in the old Countries are always to be had: The case is otherwise, and besides the difficulty of getting them, their wages (unless you were to employ slaves) and these are not to be had but by the year (and not always then) are high.

For the reasons mentioned in my last letter, there is scarcely a doubt but that that three of my farms will be unengaged from hence untill the first of May ; and if other Farmers were disposed to follow your fortunes, they might be accommodated also. Nor, as the farms are large, am I indisposed to a division of them into many smaller tenements if the measure would be more agreeable, and a plan could be adopted. I am etc.

*THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY

Mount Vernon, December 17, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th. Ulto. has been duly received; but one cause or another has prevented the acknowledgment until now, when I thank you for the Presidents Speech which it enclosed, and your obliging offer to render me any services I might need, in Phila.

One reason why I did not sooner notice the offer of a Mr. Barker to pay you on my A/c $500 in behalf of Colonl Shreve, was my expectation that Mr. Ross, for whom I had deposited a letter in Colo. Pickerings hands, to remain there until his arrival, would have been in Philadelphia long 'ere this, and have settled all that business. If, however, it should have happened that Mr. Ross is yet absent, I would thank you for receiving and remitting me the $500 above mentioned; and further, 0142 108 as he has received more money on my account from Colonl Shreve, you would oblige me (if it be convenient for you to do so) to receive the whole amount there, and give me an order for the like sum in Alexandria.

It is time, now, to hear what the reception of our Envoys at Paris has been; and what their prospects are. It surely cannot be, that Fauchet and Adet are appointed by the Directory to negociate with them! If the fact however, be otherwise, it requires not the spirit of Divination to predict the Issue.

I cannot conclude without offering you my condolence, and I do it sincerely, on the death of your worthy, and much respected father. As it was an event however, which for sometime has been expected, you could not have been unprepared for the stroke; and amidst the affliction, you have the consolation to know that he died “full of years and honours” and regretted, by all who knew him. With best respects for Mrs. Wolcott, in which I am joined by Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis, I am etc. 67

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Mrs. James W.T. McCrea, of East Rockaway, Long Island, N.Y.

*To THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY

(Private)

[December 17, 1797.]

Knowing that I should occasionally have many small matters to purchase in Phila. wch. I did not incline to trouble my friends with; or any one who would not receive a Commission thereon, I committed this business to Col Clemt. Biddle, who in the Interval between the Revolutionary War and my call to the Administration of the prest Governmt had done the like for me, and in order to enable to do this I gave him a power to 0143 109 receive the interest on my public certificates and other unimportant sums to accrue from the Sale of parts of my furniture undisposed of when I left Philada. but not having for sometime (tho' expected) heard from him it has created some suspicion in my mind, that he may be involved in the distresses of the times. I take the liberty therefore of asking you, without wishing any notice to be taken of it, whether there be any appearance of this, or not. 68

This letter was inclosed in the preceding letter (December 27) to Secretary Wolcott. (See foot note to Washington's letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, Jan. 22, 1798, post .

On December 17 Mrs. Washington wrote to Mrs. Eliza Powel, in Philadelphia, a long gossipy letter which was drafted by the General. The following paragraph, which is the only part of the letter which alludes to the General, is taken from a facsimile in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress: “I am now, by desire of the General to add a few words on his behalf; which he desires may be expressed in the terms following, that is to sag, that despairing of hearing what may be said of him, if he should really go off in an Apopletic, or any other fit, (for he thinks all fits that issue in death, are worse than a love fit, a fit of laughter, and many other kinds which he could name); he is glad to hear beforehand what will be said of him on that occasion; conceiving that nothing extra: will happen between this and then to make a change in his character for better, or for worse. And besides, as he has entered into an engagement with Mr. Morris, and several other Gentlemen, not to quit the theatre of this world before the year 1800, it may be relied upon that no breach of contract shall be laid to him on that account, unless dire necessity should bring it about, maugre all his exertions to the contrary. In that case, he shall hope they would do by him as he would by them, excuse it. At present there seems to be no danger of his giving them the slip, as neither his health, nor spirits, were ever in greater flow, notwithstanding he adds, he is descending, and has almost reached, the bottom of the hill; or in other words, the shades below.”

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, December 18, 1797.

My Dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 26th. ulto. came safe in the usual course of the mail, and about a week ago Mrs. Forbes arrived; and from her appearance, and conduct hitherto, gives satisfaction to your aunt. Having, as she says, obtained ten dollars of you, to defray her expences to this place; I herein return them, with thanks for the aid it afforded to get her here. and as you may have paid for the copies of sundry papers taken 0144 110 from the Records of the General Court, let me know the amount, and it shall be remitted also.

About a month ago, a Mr. Woodward, living, according to his own account, at Greenbrier Courthouse, presented draughts (of which the enclosed are copies) from the Sheriff of Kanhawa for taxes of my land in, that County. As I was unacquainted with the Law imposing these; with the drawer; presenter of them; and certifier that Alderson was the Sheriff of that County, I did not incline to pay the amount without making further enquiry into the matter. Upon this he informed me that I might obtain the necessary information at the Treasury, or Auditor's Office in Richmond; to which the returns were made, and where the money might be, and often was, paid, instead of doing it to the Sheriff of the Back counties, by Non-residents. You would oblige me by making this enquiry, and if the taxes are correctly stated, and the amount of them can be paid with propriety in Richmond, to inform me thereof; and measures shall be taken as soon as I am in Cash, to discharge the same. The enclosed paper, after it has enabled you to make the necessary enquiry, may be returned to me again. The family here, join me in offering you and Mrs. Washington the compliments of the approaching festival and I am with much truth Your sincere friend and affectionate uncle.

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, December 21, 1797.

Mr. Anderson: As the present year is about to close, it is my desire that all the accompts from the commencement of your Management, up to the first of January, may be fully stated and laid before me on, or about that day.

0145 111

In doing this, I shall expect to see at one view, all the monies which you have received, and all that you have expended (on my a/c); together with the balances which may be due for articles sold and paid for, or paid in part only, comprehended. This will be a general a/c, embracing everything. Besides which, I shall require a seperate and particular a/c of the principal articles that have been disposed of (such as Fish, but of this I believe I am in possession already, Whiskey, Hay, Meats of all kinds, Flour, Seeds, &ca. To whom sold, and at what prices, that I may know the amount of each, and what has been the product of my Farms aggregately, for the year ending the 31st. of this month.

And as it will be more convenient, and more to be desired, I request that for the ensuing year, and every year thereafter, the accompts may, without fail, be rendered quarterly to prevent misconceptions, or to rectify more easily, mistakes, if any from inadvertence should have been committed, viz, on the first days of January, April, July and October. By so doing I shall be regularly, and frequently advertised how matters are going on, and can retrench, or proceed accordingly. This has been the practice in my Public Walk of life, and I mean (now I am fixed at home) to pursue it in my domestic transactions, the utility of it, having been abundantly demonstrated.

Having now had the experience of a year's service of you, as a Manager of my concerns, I should not do justice to my own feelings were I not to declare (as far as my knowledge of facts, and my opportunities have enabled me to judge) that they have been conducted with integrity, zeal, and ability, and, of course have met my approbation. There are some things however which I conceive may be improved, and candour, mixed with motives of friendship, have induced me to mention them to you.

0146 112

The most prominent of these are, that after measures have been suggested by you and approved by me there appears to have been a tardiness in carrying them into execution. Providing the materials, and erecting the building for the Distillery, is a striking, and will prove an expensive specimen of this; for hardly a day arrives that does not produce some evidence of the disadvantage arising therefrom or thereof of time, risk, and difficulty of getting the materials to the spot: and the man who does not estimate time as money will forever miscalculate; for altho' the latter is not paid for the former, it is nevertheless a sure item in the cost of any undertaking. and this leads me to notice some other matters in which there is a manifest loss of it; namely, shifting suddenly from one kind of work to another (this has been very apparent with respect to the Ditchers) and in ordering people to come from the Farms to the Mansion (sometimes with Carts) and keeping them waiting more than half a day before you come to dispatch them, sending Carts frequently to Alexr. with, or for, trifles, which always come home injuriously late for the teams; when if a Memm. was kept of what was to go to, and to be brought from thence, and to send when there was a full load only (except in cases of necessity) one trip might do in place of two or three; Again, it is not uncommon, when one thing is to be carried to, and another thing brought from the same Farm, to make two trips to accomplish it, when one would answer.

These matters seem to arise from a want of arrangement. Circumstances it is true, may, occasionally, produce such effects; and sometimes call labourers from settled, to occasional employment, before the former is accomplished; but this ought never to happen if it can be avoided; for besides the loss of time occasioned thereby, more work will be done in the sametime when people are kept steadily at it, than when they are taken 0147 113 from, and return to it again; for although the work itself is not new to them, yet new arrangements must be made, and time is required to get them fairly settled to it. It follows, if these observations are just, and they are clearly so to my mind, that the whole business of Farms, of Ditching, and so of any other employment that is intended to be permanent, ought to be systematical digested, not from day to day, or week to week, but for as long a time as can well be foreseen and the persons who are immediately to have the conducting thereof to be informed accordingly: and unless imperious necessity, or weather, the last of which ought always to be provided for (as there is work to suit all kinds of it) the system should be adhered to.

If a person only sees, or directs from day to day what is to be done, business can never go on methodically or well, for in case of sickness, or the absence of the Director, delays must follow. System to all things is the soul of business. To deliberate maturely, and execute promptly is the way to conduct it to advantage. With me, it has always been a maxim, rather to let my designs appear from my works than by my expressions. To talk long before hand, of things to be done, is unpleasant, if those things can as well be done at one time or another; but I do not mean by this to discourage you from proposing any plans to me which you may conceive to be beneficial, after having weighed them well in your own mind; on the contrary, I request you to do it with the utmost freedom, for the more combined, and distant things are seen, the more likely they are to be turned to advantage.

I have been thus particular because one scene is closing, and another opening, because I shall be able to go but little out of the house this winter having appropriated it to the assorting, and arranging my voluminous papers; a task of no small magnitude; and because I am more and more convinced the oftener 0148 114 I think of the plan of placing Union and Dogue Run Farms under one head, of the indispensable necessity of great exertion on your part , as well as on that of the immediate Overlooker's, to prevent the work cattle and stock of every kind from suffering on the latter and the grain and other things from embezzlement. To do which, and to keep the work progressing to advantage, the plainest, the most precise, and simple system ought to be adopted and adhered to. I shall confess that my mind never, implicitly yielded to this plan, and unless these suggestions are attended to, I shall be seriously afraid that the endeavor to save an Overseers Wages and allowance; will be effected by a serious loss in other respects; for experience has fully shewn I think, that with the vigilance of an Overseer at each place, idleness and roguery are still practised. What have I to expect then, when the latitude is increased, and the opportunities to accomplish these, are extended? More than ordinary attention too, to the Tools and Impliments of the Farms, will be required; not only at Dogue run but at the others also; for it is inconceivable that Isaac always and Joe frequently should be employed in making and repairing Ploughs and Carts; abuse, more than the use of these things, must be the cause of it, and requires to be looked into with an investigating Eye. I shall only add that I wish you well, and success in all your measures, being your friend &ca.

*To THOMAS LAW

Mount Vernon, December 25, 1797.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 22d instt. came to hand last night. The Pointer shall be taken care of at this place until you may find it convenient to send for him; for he certainly would not long remain with Mr. Atkinson 69 if sent thither, and if he

Guy Atkinson.

0149 115 should not return here again, it is more than probable he would be carried off by some Waggoner or Waterman from Alexandria and be lost to you.

It is very pleasing to hear that the State of Maryland continues disposed to extend its fostering hand to the important objects on this River. Much is it to be wished, that the example would (as it ought to do) shed its influence on the Legislature of this Commonwealth, now in Session.

The letter from Marquis Cornwallis to the Revd. Mr. Law is returned, and in assorting some of my papers during the last cold spell, I came across some other enclosures of yours to me; one of which from Mr. Barry (containing other matter than the introduction of two Spanish Gentlemen: to you) is also returned. To stand high in the estimation of so respectable a character as Lord Cornwallis, is a circumstance which must be as pleasing as it is honourable to you.

It gave us much pleasure to hear that Mrs. Law, yourself and the child were all well, and that the latter begins, so soon, to learn the use of her feet. We , remain in Statu quo, and all unite in offering you, and yours, the compliments of the season; and the return of many, many more, and happy ones. With very great esteem and regard I remain etc. 70

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union.

*To JOHN MASON

Mount Vernon, January 2, 1798.

Sir: I am just informed by the President of the Potomac Company, that the application to the Maryland Assembly on be half of that Company, for aid to complete their works, has met with much delay, and even at this time, is uncertain in its event. A circumstance which I learn with no small regret.

0150 116

Understanding also, from the same source, that some persons have expressed a doubt whether I still entertain the same favourable opinion of the importance of the Navigation of the Potomac that I formerly did. I take the liberty, Sir, (as you are at Annapolis) of troubling you with a repetion [ sic ] of the opinion which I have invariably expressed, concerning the advantages of that undertaking; and you have my permission to communicate it whenever it may be necessary and proper, to obviate any doubts as mentioned above, or even otherwise promote the interest of the Company.

So far from being less sanguine than I formerly was, of the many and great advantages which will accrue from completing the navigation of the Potomack, I have every day additional reason for supporting my former opinion, and new proof of its advantages extending beyond the calculation of the most sanguine.

To the States of Virginia and Maryland it offers benefits too obvious to mention, and too numerous, to detail in a letter. To the United States, as well as to the two before Mentioned, it holds out the desireable advantage of perhaps the most direct and easiest communication between the Waters of the Atlantic States and the Western country. To the Stockholders, the completion of the work promises an ample increasing, and secure interest.

Under these impressions, it is astonishing to me, that, if the State can, conveniently spare the means, there should be wanting (unless the measure appears differently in the eyes of its Representatives) the disposition to complete this great and interesting work, especially too as the money already expended must be lost, without the addition of a comparatively small sum to finish the object; and especially also, as the few Individuals who at this time have the command of money find so many 0151 117 objects in which they can employ it to immediate advantage that they cannot be induced to come forward in aid, however flattering the future emoluments may be. Wishing you success. I am etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, January 2, 1798.

Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to you by Mr. Elliot, the son of a meritorious Officer in the Revolutionary War. He has equitable (if not legal) claim to Land. I have advised him to shew you the nature of it. If it is within your power to serve him, I am sure you will. If not, you can advise him as to the course best to be taken. Always, and sincerely, I am etc.

*To GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE CUSTIS

January 7, 1798.

System in all things should be aimed at; for in execution, it renders every thing more easy.

If now and then, of a morning before breakfast, you are inclined, by way of change, to go out with a Gun, I shall not object to it; provided you return by the hour we usually set down to that meal.

From breakfast, until about an hour before Dinner (allowed for dressing, and preparing for it, that you may appear decent) I shall expect you will confine yourself to your studies; and diligently attend to them; endeavouring to make yourself master of whatever is recommended to, or required of you.

While the afternoons are short, and but little interval between rising from dinner and assembling for Tea, you may employ that time in walking, or any other recreation.

0152 118

After Tea, if the studies you are engaged in require it, you will, no doubt perceive the propriety and advantage of returning to them, until the hour of rest.

Rise early, that by habit it may become familiar, agreeable, healthy, and profitable. It may for a while, be irksome to do this, but that will wear off; and the practise will produce a rich harvest forever thereafter; whether in public, or private walks of Life.

Make it an invariable rule to be in place (unless extraordinary circumstances prevent it) at the usual breakfasting, dining, and tea hours. It is not only disagreeable, but it is also very inconvenient, for servants to be running here, and there, and they know not where, to summon you to them, when their duties, and attendance, on the company who are seated, render it improper.

Saturday may be appropriated to riding; to your Gun, and other proper amusements.

Time disposed of in this manner, makes ample provision for exercise and every useful, or necessary recreation; at the same time that the hours allotted for study, if really applied to it instead of running up and down stairs, and wasted in conversation with any one who will talk with you, will enable you to make considerable progress in whatever line is marked out for you, and that you may do it, is my sincere wish.

*To GUSTAVUS SCOTT

Mount Vernon, January 8, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 21st Ulto. from Annapolis, has given me the pleasure of knowing that the State of Maryland continues to act like itself, in granting a loan to carry on the Public buildings in the Federal City. Another object of equal 0153 119 importance to it, the Navigation of Potomac, lays claim to its attention, and I hope will meet with equal success.

By a notification in the Gazettes, I perceive a general meeting of the Potomac Company is requested in George Town on the second thursday in February. If nothing unforeseen happens to prevent, I expect I shall have the pleasure of seeing you on that occasion. With great esteem etc.

*To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Mount Vernon, January 9, 1798.

Dear Sir: A few days ago, Mr. Herbert handed me your letter of the 30th. Ulto. with the Papers to which it refers; and for the trouble you have lead in that business, I offer you, and General Posey also, when you have an opportunity of presenting them, my best thanks for the parts you have respectively acted therein.

Having perused the Papers attentively, and, fortunately, having by me, the original Patents which were granted to Doctr. Skinner, with the original surveys also, which were made for John Sanders, on which the Patents for 2000 and 3000 acres issued to the Doctor, I have been enabled to discover to my entire satisfaction, that I am not at all affected by Mr. Stephens's entry, Survey, or present claim.

It appears by the Surveys (two of them for 2000 Acres each, returned on the same sheet of paper, one dated the 20th and the other the 24th of Feby 1784) that the tract of 3000, and the lower survey of 2000 Acres on rough Creek (the two for which Doctr. Skinner obtained Patents, and is now held by me, in virtue of my purchase from Genl. Lee), are too remote from Mr. Stephens's Survey to be injured by it. How far his claim may affect the upper Survey made for Sanders of 2000 Acres, I know not; nor is it necessary for me to enquire having no interest therein.

0154 120

But to place the matter in a more perspicuous point of view, I have, from the surveys above mentioned, laid the three tracts down in a connected form, by which it will appear at the first glance, that it is the upper tract only (to whom belonging I know not) which can come in contact with Mr. Stephens land: and as that Gentleman is unknown to me, and you have correspondents, or acquaintances in that Country, through any one or another of whom you could inform him of the real state of the case, I would thank you for giving him these explanations that neither he , nor I may be embarrassed hereafter in the disposition of our Lands.

I have not retd. the Papers which you sent me by Mr. Herbert; but if you should be of opinion that they will be useful in explaining matters more fully to Mr. Stephens, they can be sent to you by the first Post after notice thereof is given to me.

My best regards, in which those of Mrs. Washington and the family are united, are presented to Mrs. Spotswood and all with you, and I am etc.

*To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

(Confidential)

Mount Vernon, January 9, 1798.

Dear Sir: The attention which the Papers you transmitted, required I should give them, and the form which my land assumed by connecting the two tracts together, evinces most dearly, the necessity there is of my becoming possessed of Andrew Wodrows 300 Acre tract, which is surrounded thereby, if attainable.

If you can, therefore, be instrumental in making the purchase on my behalf, it would render me an acceptable favour. The price (but this under the rose) must not be regarded, 0155 121 unless in comparing it with that of the circumjacent lands, and other circumstances, it should appear enormous.

I could wish however (if an opportunity offers) that you would talk with, or write to, Major George Lewis on this subject; because, as he was authorised at least two years ago to make this purchase for me, there might be an interference, between your Agent and his, that might serve to enhance the price, and render the purchase more difficult.

If you recollect the width, and kind of Navigation at, and from these lands of mine to the Green River, and have heard how it is from thence to the Ohio, I would thank you for information respecting them: And if you know what sort of land lyes opposite to mine, on the North side of rough Creek; to whom it belongs, and at what price it probably could be bought; I would thank you for information on this head also. To add, by a line from D to G, all the land with in, would give shape, as well as quantity to my lands; and secure the entire Command of the Water, of the Above Creek, (if Wodrows land be purchased) for more than Six Miles. With very great esteem etc. 71

From a photostat of the original in Cornell University Library.

To SAMUEL WILLIAMS 72

United States Consul at Hamburg, Germany.

Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.

Sir: Your letter of the 5th of Oct, from Hamburgh, has been received, giving me the first direct and certain account of the arrival of General Lafayette and family at that place; a circumstance highly pleasing to his friends in this country, to none more than myself; and for the prompt advice you have been so obliging as to give me of it, I pray you to accept my sincere thanks.

0156 122

Fortunate indeed was it for him and family that they did not (according to what has been reported to have been their intention), embark in the ship John, which was lost on the coast of New Jersey, and the passengers with great difficulty, and at the utmost peril of their lives, saved. It may be fortunate too on another account; the delay may give a chance to meet his son in Europe; whose ardent desire, fanned by premature accounts of their actual liberation, could no longer be restrained from flying to the expected embraces of his parents in Paris, to which place he was informed they were journeying, through Italy. He left New York the 26th of October, in the ship Clio, for Havre de Grace, and probably would have (at that season) a short passage. I am, etc. 73

From the printed text in the Historical Magazine (1860), vol. 4, 179.

*To BURWELL BASSETT

Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d Ulto. came duly to hand. As Mr. Burwell is disinclined to part with his Cook, and Colo. Finnie's 74 , is too much incumbered with a family, I must make the best shift I can with those I have; and indeed, with a housekeeper that understands that business, I believe it is best that I should do so.

Col. William Finnie.

As you kindly offered to become the purchaser of Corn for me, in case I should need any for my Distillery, I now request the favour of you to procure, and send me (not of the gourd seed kind) a Vessel load, say from five to twelve hundred bushels, so soon as all danger of the River, freezing, is over. I shall be enabled, I expect, to pay for the Corn on delivery; but a month or two after, would suit me better. I had rather the Vessel should have no Corn in it but mine; and I expect the price 0157 123 exclusive of freight, will not exceed fifteen shillings pt. barrel, and twelve and six pence would suit my finances much better. Let me hear, as soon as convenient, what is likely to be the result of this application. With great esteem etc.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.

Dear Sir: By leaving the enclosed letter to Mr. Kitt (who was my household Steward in Philadelphia) open for your perusal, it supercedes the necessity of my saying more on the subject than to beg your attention to and aid in the measure which is requested therein. Mr. Kitt lives, I believe, at the United States Bank, and if not, Mr. Wolcot, I am persuaded can inform you of the place of his residence.

Pray send a set of strings for Miss Custis's Harpsichord agreeably to the enclosed Memm. under cover to me by the first Post, and at the sametime inform me at what price good German and other Oznabrigs could be bought by the quantity. and that I may not, at any time over draw, or order goods please to let me know how my acct. stands with you. With great esteem etc.

*To FREDERICK KITT

Mount Vernon, January 10, 1798.

Mr. Kitt: We have never heard of Herculas our Cook since he left this; but little doubt remains in my mind of his having gone to Philadelphia, and may yet be found there, if proper measures were employed to discover (unsuspectedly, so as not to alarm him) where his haunts are.

If you could accomplish this for me, it would render me an acceptable service as I neither have, nor can get a good Cook to hire, and am disinclined to hold another slave by purchase.

0158 124

If by indirect enquiries of those who know Herculas, you should learn that he is in the City, inform Colo. Clemt. Biddle thereof, and he will, I hope, take proper measures to have him apprehended at the moment one of the Packets for Alexandria is about to Sale, and put him therein, to be conveyed hither; and will pay any expence which may be incurred in the execution of this business; which must be managed with address to give it a chance of Success; for if Herculas was to get the least hint of the design he would elude all your vigilance. I wish you well and am etc.

*To ALEXANDER WHITE

Mount Vernon, January 11, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 8th has been duly received, and I now write, more for the purpose of acknowledging the receipt of it, than from any sentiment I have to communicate relative to the Public buildings in the Federal City.

You are perfectly acquainted with my sentiments on that subject already, and if not, they may be comprised in a few words, thus: every effort should be made to obtain the means, and every exertion used (in the short time left) to accomplish the end, for which they are obtained. And, if they could be had without applying to Congress, I should prefer it; but, if this is impracticable (of which you are the best judges) then to do it; because there is no alternative, and because no event is more to be deprecated than the arrestation of the buildings, or a limping progress of them this year.

If the answer which the Commissioners expect from the President, should result in your journey to Philadelphia, I shall sincerely wish you all the success your assiduity in, and management of the business will entitle you to. If you should not 0159 125 go thither, or from Frederick if you do, I shall hope to see you in George Town at the meeting of the Stock holders of the Potomack Navigation, the 8th. of next month, by notification; for I think that business requires serious attention also, and perhaps amendment, or explanation of the licence to a subordinate, or other Company, to open the navigation of the River Shanondoah; having understood that the Resolution entered into at the last General meeting of the Potomack Company, relative to this matter, has not had the effect wch. was expected, or, that in [ sic ] lingers at least. With great esteem etc.

*To GOVERNOR JAMES WOOD

Mount Vernon, January 12, 1798.

Dear Sir: This letter will be presented to your Excellency by Mr. Lear, President of the Potomack Company, who waits on the Legislature to solicit the loan of a sum of money to enable the Stock holders to proceed with vigour, to the completion of an Enterprise so great, honourable and useful, as is that of laying open the shortest and easiest communication between the Atlantic States and the extensive Country westward of us, on the Waters of Ohio. A communication which will be found not less beneficial than honourable for the States of Virginia and Maryland to encourage.

Mr. Lear has other matters relative to the Falls &ca. to lay before that Honble. body, equally claiming its attention.

Such facility as your Excellency can, with propriety give to these important objects, will not, I persuaded myself, be wanting.

Permit me to introduce Mr. Lear to your notice and civilities, and to assure you of the respect and regard etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, January 12, 1798.

Dear Sir: Permit me to request your care of the enclosed letter to Mr. Williams, our Consul at Hamburgh, in answer to a very polite and civil one informing me of the arrival of Genl. Lafayette and family at that place. Allow me also to ask the favour of you to send me Colo. Monroe's, and Mr. Fauchet's Pamphlets; and if you have leisure (not else) to let me know what the public sentiment respecting them, is. In one of these, or in some other way, I find by a writer in the Richmond Paper, a private letter of mine to Mr. Gouvr. Morris is given to the public. If given fairly, with the cause which produced it, I have no doubt of its operating against the measure it was intended to promote.

As Silver could not be transmitted in a letter, and I had no other small notes, I send two of the Bank of Columbia, to pay for the Pamphlets. Yours always.

*To FRANCIS DEAKINS

Mount Vernon, January 15, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 28th of Decr. with a P.S. of the 7th. instr. was delivered to me the 12th by Mr. Lear, with ninety one dollars enclosed therein on A/c of Rent due from Mrs. Beall, together with a statement of the A/c against her by Mr. Veatch.

I ought also, though late, and indeed to my shame for the delay, to acknowledge that your obliging letter of the 26th of Decr. 1796 came safe to my hands; but at a time (during the busy scenes of Congress) when I had no leisure to attend to private business, and laying by for a more convenient moment 0161 127 it had escaped me altogether until a revision of some papers the other day brought it to light again.

Let me now; my good Sir, request the favour of you alone, or in conjunction with Mr. Veatch, to fix the value of the Tobo. due from Mr. Beall to me in money. In doing wch. permit me to assure you, that you cannot fail in giving me satisfaction, as I had rather you should under than over rate it in her case having no disposition to bear hard upon the Widow, but on the contrary to favor her.

It would much oblige me also if Mr. Veatch under your superintendance and concurrence would settle with all the Tenants up to the close of the last year (1797) and convert (if they have not the Tobacco to pay) the balances of Tobacco into cash at a reasonable rate, making an aggregate sum with other charges in money and reducing the same to specialties (with securities if necessary) that I may start anew from the commencement of the present year.

And as you and he are much better judges than I am, of what would be a reasonable cash rent for the Tenants respectively, to pay, I leave it to you also to file what each shall pay for the present year, and until altered (if just for both parties) after a few years have elapsed, and whatever you shall do in the premises I will abide by.

A settlement with, and a specialty from Mr. Jones should also be had. If he has paid all the Tobacco, and Cash which he has received on my A/c he can be at no loss I presume, to produce vouchers for the same and it is necessary that the account with him should be closed.

Mr. Veatch will keep the specialties in his own hands for collection furnishing me with a list thereof and their amount. His commission on these will be the same as if they were not reduced to specialties. With very great esteem etc.

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, January 19, 1798.

My dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 8th instant came to hand opportunely, as Mr. Augustus Woodward (in whose favour the Sheriff of Kanhawa had drawn for the taxes of my lands in that County) was here on his return from Philadelphia, and received the full amount of his draught.

I am perfectly at a loss to know what is meant by the Auditors, A/c as coming from “The Sheriff of Greenbrier who says he has returned a tract of land the property of Genl. George Washington Esqr, amounting to 15940 acres for non-payment of the Revenue tax due thereon, for the year 1789. The tax is. £35:17:3.”

I neither do, or ever did, hold such a tract, and must request the favour of you to investigate this matter; and that you may be enabled to do it with accuracy, I enclose you a list of all the lands I hold in this State on the Western waters, with the dates of Patents; to whom granted, for what quantity, and in what counties they are supposed to lye at the time they were surveyed. By which you will perceive, first that I have no such tract in any county, and 2d. that no two or more of those, contained in the list, will make the exact quantity of 15940.

The Sheriff, in his draught on me in favour of A. Woodward, does not specify the quantity of Acres I hold on the Kanhawa; but the number of tracts only , on which the taxes are due for the years 1791, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 1796: and for 2 tracts only on the River Ohio, when there are three tracts on that river; This puts it out of my power to know whether I am justly dealt by, or not; and it would seem by some calculation and figures on a piece of paper (which I return that I am charged for more land than 0163 129 I ever held there. 75 A small tract of 240 acres between the Representative of Genl. Andrew Lewis and myself, is there inserted also. Pray what is the state of that matter? No tax has ever been demanded of me, therefor, and it may, for ought I know to the contrary, be in jeopardy likewise. It contains the burning spring. Several matters relative to these lands want explanation, and you would oblige me by endeavouring to obtain it, and for this purpose, as it may assist I return all the Papers you sent me.

Washington inserted an asterisk (*) here and noted in the margin: “See under Kanawha land and remarks.”

By comparing them you will find that Sheriff Alderson charged taxes for the years 1791 a 1796, both inclusive, for four tracts on the Kanhawa and two on the Ohio: and that the Sheriff of Greenbrier returns 15940 for non-payment of the Revenue tax, for the year 1789. What becomes of the tax 1790 on all these lands; or was there any? Why return 15940 acres, and not the whole when all were under the same predicament? Why are two tracts on the Ohio charged, and the third not? except it should be in another Cry. 76 The enclosed list contains those on the one, as well as the other River; and if (as I conceive ought to have been the case with the Sheriff, and I suppose is so at the Auditors Office) the number of Acres in each tract, and at what assessed had been inserted, these difficulties might have been removed without giving you the trouble I am about to do in examining the aforesaid Office; but as there is a cloud over the business; as I am as willing to comply with the Laws, as I receive justice in the execution of them. As I wish to have a full understanding of the case, of both, and shall not willingly, nor neglectedly, or knowingly put it in the power of any one to

The phrase after the interrogation mark is inserted in the margin by Washington.

0164 130 deprive me of my property, through any failure on my part, I must beg the favour of you to obtain from the Auditor at your and his leisure, provided I put nothing to hazard by the delay, a complete statement of the taxes on all the land mentioned in the list I enclose; the small tract of 587 Acres I had almost forgot, though extremely valuable for its size. With sincere and Affectionate regard, etc.

P.S. Since writing the aforegoing letter, wch as you will readily perceive is done in much haste I find I was mistaken in saying none of the tracts united would make 15940 Acres, those of 10990, 2950 and 2000 do this. I send you $120 to pay the £35 17.3 and 7/. Tax for Lots, though I did not know that any thing was due on the latter. nor do I believe any tax has ever been paid on the 587 acre tract, or others before.

*LANDS BELONGING TO GEORGE WASHINGTON ON THE WESTERN WATERS IN THE STATE OF VIRGINIA

Mount Vernon, January 1798.

Great Kanhawa. Fincastle County

10990 Acrs. Near the mouth thereof. Granted by Letters Patent to George Washington the 15th. day of December 1772: and confirmed after the Revolution, by other letters Patent the6th. of July 1784, in consequence of a friendly Petition for the same, by BurwellBassett Esqr. for the non-performance of the Act requiring certain improvements

0165 131

7276 acs. Higher up the Kanhawa. Granted to George Washington and George Muse 77

“Muse's moiety conveyed to Washington afterwards.” This is a marginal note by Washington.

as above, on the 1st. day of Decr. 1773; and said to lye in the County of Botetourt.

2950 acs. Opposite the mouth of Cole River, and still higher up the Kanhawa, and sd. to be in Greenbrier County. Granted the 12th. day of April 1784 to G: Washington

2000 Acs. On the Fork between Ohio River and Kanhawa in the above county of Greenbrier;granted to Geo: Washington 12th. Aprl. 1784

—

Total 23,216

Besides the above mentioned tracts, there is a small tract of (I believe) 240 acres Granted (the date of the Patent I know not) to Genl. Andrew Lewis and myself, containing the burning Spring, on or near the Kanhawa River in Greenbrier County.

On the Ohio River. Botetourt County

2314 Acres The first large bottom below the little Kanhawa. Granted by letters Patent to George Washington the 15th. Decr. 1772. And regranted after a friendly Petition of Burwell Bassett Esqr. for non-compliance with the Act of Improvement the 6th. of July 1784.

2448 Acs. Fourth large bottom of the Ohio below the mouth of the little Kanhawa, and about 16 miles below the above granted to Geo: Washington 15th. Decr. 1772, and regranted as above 6th. July 1784.

0166 132

4298 Acrs. Fifth large bottom below the Mo. of little Kanhawa, on the Ohio, and just above the Great Bend Granted, and regranted to Geo Washington on the days and yearsabove mentioned.

—

Total 9157 All said to lye in the County of Bottetourt

587 Acs. About 15 miles below Wheling in the County of 78

Left blank in the manuscript.

formerly Augusta. Granted George Washington by Patent bearing date the 30th. Oct 1784. 79

This description of these lands, as noted, were inclosed in the letter to Bushrod Washington, Jan. 19, 1798.

*To JAMES ROSS

Mount Vernon, January 22, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favour of the 12th Instr. has been duly received; and an Order from the Treasury of the United States and the Collector of the Port of Alexandria for $1,961.30 has also been received; a receipt for which (for your satisfaction, or that of Colo. Shreve) is herein enclosed; with my acknowledgements, and thanks for your kindness in negociating this business for me. The delay, occasioned by the indisposition of Mrs. Ross, has been attended with no inconvenience to me; and on her happy recovery from it, I congratulate you, and her, sincerely.

Colo. Shreve's Bond being in your possession, it is not in my power to endorse the above payment of $1961.30 thereon: but Colo. Ritchie's, which I herewith enclose for the purpose of depositing the same in the Bank of Pennsylvania, (that the Instalments may be collected agreeably to the tenor thereof) has 0167 133 the payment which was made inserted on the back. By placing both Bonds in that Bank, and transmitting me its statement, you will add to the obligations you have already confered on me in this business. Having made an important contract (if the person with whom it is made can fulfil his part) for all the lands I hold On the Great Kanhawa; which are more than half I possess on the Western Waters; I have become less inclined than before, to lay the residue off into lots for the purpose of retailing them; conceiving, however advantageous it might prove in the end, my immediate purposes would not be answered thereby: while expence, trouble, and probable imposition unless a person of known integrity as well as activity could be engaged as an Agent, would be the inevitable result.

Could I dispose of the three tracts which I hold on the River Ohio (between the mouths of the little and Great Kanhawa, on the terms my lands on the latter are Let. and my other lands in the Northwestern territory, composed, on each side of the River, of three tracts, containing aggregately 9,157 Acres on the Ohio (exclusive of what is called the round bottom, of 587 acres) and 3,051 acres on the little Miami, not more than ten or a dozen miles from Cincinnati. I say, if I could get these lands off my hands on similar terms with those of the Kanhawa, my views would be completely answered. These, I shall take the liberty of mentioning to you (as it would seem you are frequently troubled with enquiries relative to my Western Lands) although I do not expect a like offer will be suggested to you in my behalf.

The four tracts of Land which I held on the Great Kanhawa, amount to 23,216 Acres: these I have leased for 30 years, at the expiration of which, by doubling the Rents, thence forward, they are engaged for 99 years more; for the first yr. (1798) the Rent is to be $5,000; for the 2d. $8,000 and thence to the 0168 134 completion of the 30 years, the Rent is to be equal to the interest of eight dollars an Acre, upon the aggregate quantity of 23,216 Acres; with the priviledge at the end of Six years from the commencement of the Lease (the 1st of the present month) to purchase the fee simple at the price of two hundred thousand dollars; paid in four years, $50,000 annually.

The Rents for the first six years are secured (besides the usual mode of Distress and recovery) by a Deed of trust, for a considerable landed property; to be sold for ready money if I should be inclined to resort to it for payment thereof; and the writings are so well drawn, I believe, as to save me against every contingent that can happen, except tying my hands against any other disposition of the lands untill the inability of the Lessee to perform the Covenants of the Lease, are clearly ascertained.

The person with whom this agreement is entered into, lives in the county adjoining the Land, is perfectly well acquainted with all the land; and seems to be morally certain of stocking it with tenants (which he is authorised to do) immediately. That he is a Speculator; I need not add; but he must be a fool as well as a Speculator, if he does not see his way tolerably clear to fulfil the bargain on his part. His mind (he acknowledges) is made up for loss in the outset, but he looks forward to ample compensation in the result. His grand object is apparent to me, without any confession thereof on his part; Knowing the quality, situation, and value of the Land; he wanted, but for lack of means, was unable to become, at this time, the purchaser in fee; and therefore he agreed to pay a Rent equivalent to the interest of what would have been the purchase money, had he taken the whole quantity, viz, eight dollars pt. acre. His interest (and all his exertions now) coincide with mine to plant the land with settlers; which, admitting he should be unable to comply with the contract in all its parts, will render 0169 135 the property more valuable on account of the improvements, to me.

I should not, my good Sir, have given you the trouble of all this detail respecting my concerns, at a time when I know your head and hands must be engaged in National matters of the utmost importance to our country, but from a consideration, if further enquiries should be made of you, of my intentions respecting the lands On the Ohio, between the Kanhawas, and of those No. Wt. of that River, that you may be enabled to say what I have done and am willing to do. For the round bottom alone an offer of eight dollars an Acre has been refused already. The quantity in this Survey, is less than in either of the others on that River, or on the Miami; but whether the quality of it is much, if any better, I am not sufficiently acquainted with them to pronounce.

If Mrs. Ross is with you in Philadelphia, I pray you to present me to her in respectful terms. And at all times be assured of the sincere esteem, and affectionate regard, etc.

*To DAVID STUART

Mount Vernon, January 22, 1798.

Dear Sir: Washington leaves this today, on a visit to Hope Park, which will afford you an opportunity to examine the progress he has made in the studies he was directed to pursue.

I can, and I believe do, keep him in his room a certain portion of the 24 hours, but it will be impossible for me to make him attend to his Books, if inclination, on his part, is wanting; nor while I am out, if he chuses to be so too, is it in my power to prevent it. I will not say this is the case, nor will I run the hazard of doing him injustice by saying he does not apply, as he ought, to what has been prescribed; but no risk will be run, 0170 136 and candour requires I declare it as my opinion, that he will not derive much benefit in any course which can be marked out for him at this place, without an able Preceptor always with him, nor then, for reasons, which do not require to be detailed.

What is best to be done with him, I know not. My opinion always has been that the University in Massachusetts 80 would have been the most eligable Seminary to have sent him to, 1st, because it is on a larger Scale than any other; and 2nd, because I believe that the habits of the youth there, whether from the discipline of the School. or from the greater attention of the People, generally, to morals and a more regular course of life, are less prone to dissipation and debauchery than they are at the Colleges South of it. It may be asked, if this was my opinion, why did I not send him there? the answer is as short, as to me it was weighty; being the only male of his family and knowing (although it would have been submitted to) that it would have proved a heart rending stroke to have him at that distance. I was disposed to try a nearer Seminary, of good repute; which from some cause, or combinations of causes, has not, after the experiment of a year, been found to answer the end that was contemplated. Whether to send him there now , or indeed to any other public School, is at least problematical, and to suffer him to mispend his time at this place, will be disgraceful to himself and me.

Harvard.

If I was to propose to him, to go to the University at Cambridge (in Massachusetts) he might, as has been usual for him on like occasions, say he would go whereever I chose to send him; but if he should go contrary to his inclination, and without a disposition to apply his time properly, an expense without any benefit would result from the measure. Knowing how much ! have been disappointed, and my mind disturbed by his 0171 137 conduct, he would not, I am sure, make a candid disclosure of his sentiments to me on this or any other plan I might propose for the completion of his education; for which reason I would pray that you (or perhaps Mrs. Stuart cd. succeed better than any other) would draw [mutilated] and explicit disclosure [mutilated] wishes and views are: for if they are absolutely fixed, an attempt to counteract them by absolute controul would be as idle as the endeavour to stop a rivulet that is constantly running. Its progress while mound upon mound is erected, may be arrested; but this must have an end, and everything would be swept with the torrent.

The more I think of his entering at William and Mary, (unless he could be placed in the Bishop's family) the more doubtful I am of its utility, on many accounts; which had better be the subject of oral communications than by letter. I shall wish to hear from you on the subject of this letter. On occasion of severe reprimand, I found it necessary to give Washington sometime ago, I received the enclosed from him. I have little doubt of his meaning well, but he has not resolution, or exertion enough to act well. Our best wishes attend Mrs. Stuart and the family, I am, etc. 81

From a photostat of the original through the kindness of W. S. and Cornelia Johns Grice, of Norfolk, Va.

In the Washington Papers , under date of Jan. 24, 1798, is a letter of thanks from the Rev. James Muir, William Herbert, Samuel Craig, and John Dundas, of Alexandria, Va., and indorsed by Washington: “A Comee. for Distributing donatn. to the Poor.” Accompanying this is a list of the names and the amounts distributed.

*To THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY

Mount Vernon, January 22, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 12th. instant enclosing one from Mr. Ross, and the Treasurers draught on Colo. Fitzgerald for $1,961.30, came duly to hand; and for your kindness in thus 0172 138 accomodating me with the Order, in lieu of the like sum received from Mr. Ross on my account, I feel much obliged.

In the enclosed letter which I have taken the liberty of putting under cover to you (that I may be certain of its having been presented to Mr. Ross, as there is a Bond to a pretty considerable amount therein) contains a receipt for the money which had been paid him for my use by Colo. Shreve.

It is somewhat singular that the Government should have received no advices from our Envoys at Paris since their arrival there, about the 20th. of September, when accounts are detailed from thence as late as the middle of November. It is as necessary sometimes to be acquainted with the worst, as to know the best that can happen in matters of moment; and where facts cannot be narrated, to substitute conjecture; declaring it to be such. I cannot, even under the unpleasant aspect of things, believe the French Government mean to enter into a War with this Country; but I can, satisfactorily to my own mind, account for Its proceeding the length it has. I may be mistaken however. It is intoxicated with success, and when that is the case, nothing is too absurd, or unjust to be encountered.

Mr. Monroe, I am told, appears in voluminous work! 82 What is said of it? A writer under the signature of Scipio, 83 will, I conceive, work him pretty well. Who is Scipio? I am fishing for no secrets, but if the Author is known, or conjectured, on good ground , I should like to know who he is. From whence proceeds the apparent harmony, perhaps it would be more correct to say calm, in Congress? is it for want of matter to ferment the passions, or because a change of sentiment (wch. I cannot flatter myself is the case) has taken place in the minds of the opposition members?

See remarks on Monroe's View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States , March, 1798.

Alexander Hamilton.

0173 139

I asked your opinion, (on a small bit of paper, enclosed in my last) 84 with respect to a particular character, whose name was then mentioned; but no answer was given in your last. If your silence proceeds from an unwillingness to touch on the subject, I drop it. If because it did not appear before you at the time of writing, and was forgot, I renew it. 85 At all times, you will find me your sincere friend and Affectionate Servant.

Of Dec. 17, 1797, q. v .

Wolcott replied (January 30), in which he wrote that he felt “much chagrin that I did not reply to your private Note: the fact is, that I destroyed it, after perusal and forgot the contents at the nine I wrote: Mr. Biddies credit is as good as it has ever been; the misfortunes of the times have rendered his business more profitable than usual: he is understood to possess a handsome property.” Wolcott's letter is in the Washington Papers .

P.S. Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite with me in every good wish for Mrs. Wolcott.

[C.H.S.]

*To HENRY LEE

Mount Vernon, January 25, 1798.

Dear Sir: The period for payment of the second Instalment of your Bond is past, and the first Instalment is only partially complied with. Mr. Simms note, endorsed by you for $1000, is protested at the Bank, where it was deposited for collection.

It, Cannot be more unpleasant for you to hear, than for me to remind you of these things, but it is necessary for me to do so, and to express a hope that some vigorous measures are in train to fulfil your engagement with me. My own want requires it. For depending upon this fund, and induced thereto by my manager's statement of the utility of the measure, I have encountered a considerable expence in building a large Distillery (at my Mill) providing Stills, &ca. &ca.; and shall be unable to carry it on without cash to purchase the Grain that is requisite for this purpose. Let me entreat you to believe, that 0174 140 at the time I entered into the contract with you for the property I held in the Dismal Swamp, I had no conception of such disappointments, and that it is a mode of dealing to which I am not accustomed.

If the purchase money for it, is to be paid in small driblets, instead of annual Instalments, the value of it will, in a manner, be lost to me: Yet as I must purchase Corn and Rye, or let my Distillery (now it is erected) stand idle, I will receive of either, and allow the Cash price for what you will deliver my landing, Or, if you think this is too indefinite, I will give the price pr. Barrel or Bushel that Mr. Burwell Bassett purchases for me at, being authorised to send me up a Vessel load. In short I am disposed to accomodate you in any reasonable manner I can, although nothing would answer my purposes like money, as the business would then be wholly in my own hands, and I should know my ground .

If you are able, and are inclined to furnish me with Corn, or Rye, or both, say with precision what quantity, and certainty by what time. And I pray you not to deceive me by erroneous calculations, either as to the quantity or time of delivery. If you have neither for sale, I beg to be informed thereof as soon as possible, as I must be supplied in some manner or another. With great regard etc.

*To ROBERT LEWIS

Mount Vernon, January 26, 1798.

Dear Sir: The return of your brother Howel, affords me a direct and safe opportunity of enquiring whether any, and if any, what money you have of mine in your hands? What are your prospects of collecting the past years Rents, seasonably , and when I may look for the receipt of them?

0175 141

I have been induced, by the experience and advice of my Manager, Mr. Anderson, to erect a large Distillery at my Mill; and have supplied it with five Stills, Boilers &ca. which, with the (Stone) House, has cost me a considerable Sum already, but I find these expenditures are but a small part of the advances I must make before I shall receive any return for them, having all my Grain yet to buy to carry on the business. To accomplish this, all my resources are needed, and I beg you to exert yourself in the collection of my Rents, and that you would let me know, upon the best data you can form an opinion, what dependence I may place on you; not only as to the amount of the sum, but also as to the period of its payment, that I may regulate matters accordingly.

As a Rental, according to former Instructions, should be annually exhibited, in order to show, not only what has been received, but the arrearages, if any at the sametime, in one view, that by a referrence thereto I can always see the state and condition of each tenement. I must now add, as a further Instruction, that all casualties, such as the exchanging of Tenants, Increase, or decrease of Rents, etc. etc., may be specifically noted at the foot of the Rental; Which is considered always as a kind of Record of the Collectors proceedings. Columns in which, for the size of the tenements, Sums paid, and the arrearages due, you know are necessary.

Mrs. W. and Nelly Custis unites in best wishes with Your etc.

*To WINTHROP SARGENT 86

Secretary of the Northwest Territory.

Mount Vernon, January 27, 1798.

Dear Sir: A few days since a Mr. Josh. Massey said to be a Surveyor of the North Western Territory passed through 0176 142 Alexandria on his way to Philadelphia, and there said to a Gentleman, without assigning reasons or having them asked, that I should lose my lands on the little Miami in that Country.

Never having heard of any claim to it, or being able to conjecture on what ground it can be jeopardised, I take the liberty of troubling you with this address: requesting the favour of you as the land lyes in the vicinity of Cincinnati, to make enquiry into the matter and to inform me of the result.

I hold 3,051 acres in three seperate tracts, under a Military claim. the first containing 839 Acres was surveyed the 28th of Decr 1787. and lies within a mile of the River Ohio. the second is about seven miles up the little Miami and contains by the Survey thereof, made the 26th of May 1788 Nine hundred and 77 Acres, and the third about three miles higher up the Miami was Surveyed the day following i e. the 27th of May for 1235 Acres: And letters Patent were granted by the Commonwealth of Virginia under the hand and Seal of the then Governor, Beverly Randolph for the same bearing date all the first day of Decr. 1780. The number of the Warrants and on what occasion granted was recited in the Deeds: but I presume for the mere purpose of an enquiry it is unnecessary to be more particular at present, until I learn upon what ground my right is assailed, or at what tribunal I am to defend that Right; for until the Report (as coming from Massey) was made to me, I had no suspicion of being disturbed in the property.

Under persuasion that you will oblige me in this request, I shall make no apology for giving you the trouble to make the enquiry. but will pray for your Answer as soon as convenient. With great esteem etc. 87

The press copy is badly faded and the text of this letter is checked by the “Letter Book” copy.

*To GEORGE THACHER 88

Member of Congress from Massachusetts.

Mount Vernon, January 27, 1798.

Sir: It is not long since the Papers herewith sent have been in my possession, altho' from the date they bear, one would be led to think otherwise.

If the statements are just, the case merits attention; and as Mr. Goodwin has mistaken the road by which the application (if redress can be afforded) is to be made, I have taken the liberty of transmitting them to you, on the supposition that he is a resident in the District you represent. I wish you an agreeable and harmonious Session, and am etc.

*To RUFUS PUTNAM

Mount Vernon, January 28, 1798.

Dear Sir: The letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, I had written to Colo. Sargant; but it having occurred to me since, that if my right to the Lands therein mentioned should be called in question, or any ungenerous advantage attempted to be taken from any defect, or informality in my title, of which, and the ground on which it is questioned I am entirely in the dark, that it must, in some shape or another come before you as Surveyor General of that Territory. Should this be the case, I not only crave the same favour of you that I have done of Colo. Sargent but pray that any interference with my right may be arrested until matters can be fully explained.

For the Right, purchased many years ago; for looking out the Land and making the locations; and for Surveying, and other incidental expences, I have already paid fully what was supposed to be the value of the land at the time I obtained it. 0178 144 It would be not a little hard, not to say unjust, to have it taken from me now, even admitting (which I do not, because I am not knowing to it) that there may have been some faupas in the proceedings on my behalf.

If you have heard, or should come to the knowledge of this attempt you would oblige me much by giving me information thereof, and on what plea I am to be disturbed in property of which I have possessed so many years. With very great esteem, etc. 89

The original of this letter is in Marietta College, Ohio.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, January 28, 1798.

Dear Sir: Knowing that the War Office has an Agency in the Western Lands, I take the liberty of putting the enclosed letters to General Putnam and Colo. Sargent under cover to you, open. By doing so, it supercedes the necessity of a repetition of what is therein mentioned. Another reason for giving you this trouble, is, that if Mr. Massey is a Surveyor in the Northwestern Territory, it is highly probable that his business in Philadelphia is with your Office. In which case, let me pray you to obtain what information he can give, respecting the claim upon my land, and transmit the same to me; and to request, after sealing my letters to the Gentlemen above mentioned, that you would be so kind as to put them into the safest channel of conveyance, that is afforded from Philadelphia.

What means this calm, and apparent harmony in the Representative body? 90 Is it because no collisive subject has come on? or does it proceed from a change of sentiment in the opposition

McHenry replied (February 1): “The calm in the house of Representatives has been lately interrupted by an attempt to trench upon the power of the President relative to foreign intercourse and more recently by one member spitting in the face of another. Whether this affair has more meaning than appears I cannot say but the spitter [Matthew] Leon [Lyon, of Vermont] is a great beast.”

0179 145 members? Are there no accounts yet from our Envoys? If not, to what is their silence attributed, when the News Papers are filled with accounts of them, as late as the middle of November from Paris; where they must have been at least six weeks?

What, as far as it can be guessed at, is the public sentiment relative to Monroe's voluminous work? which I have not yet seen, but have sent for it. And what of Fauchet's? 91 Another elaborate work, I presume, will appear soon, from the late Commissioner of the Revenue; 92 the cause of whose dismission has never (that I have seen) been hinted in the Gazettes. 93

McHenry stated, in his letter of February 1: “Monroe's memoir has been little read and has made no converts to his party. He has I think sunk in the public opinion. Fauchet's publication has done no harm, and has been as little successful as Monroes.” McHenry's letter is in the Washington Papers .

Tench Coxe.

President Adams had removed him from office in December, 1797.

What has been, or is it supposed will be done by the house of Representatives in consequence of the extraordinary application which was made to them on that occasion, by the Ex-Commissioners. 94

To France. McHenry's letter (February 1) stated: “Not one word direct from our commissioners.”

I have exhibited a long string of questions, but if you have not leisure, or if any of them are embarrassing, I require no answer to them. Mrs. Washington and Nelly Custis unite with me, in every good wish for Mrs. McHenry, yourself and family, and I am always, and Affectionately Yours.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, January 29, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 16th. has been received, and the Music Strings 95 came safe.

For Nelly Custis's harpsichord.

If you conceive any advantage will result from a delay in the sale of the old Coach, until the Spring, it will be quite 0180 146 agreeable to me that it should be postponed. To avoid the accumalating expence of Ho. room, and the injury such articles sustain by lying, and often by neglect and tossing about was my inducement to the disposal of it now . But it rests with you to chuse the time.

If the Plateaux are not sold, nor a probability of getting nearly what they cost, say currency for Sterling, I request that they may be carefully packed up and sent to me, together with the two smallest of the large groups of Porcelain, and the twelve single images (Arts and Sciences) with which my Table, on Public days, was ornamented. The large group (Apollo instructing the Shepherds) and the two Vases, may be sold for what ever they will fetch. Great care, by a skilful hand, must be used in packing the Porclain, or all the delicate and finer parts will be broken off.

I have not yet heard (although it may have happened) of Ellwoods arrival at Alexandria. As Dobson's bill is not exhibited, I am unapprized of what is charged in it, or of what is coming from him. My wish was, and still is, to have the second copy of all the Volumes (as far as published, intended for my own use) of the Encyclopedia, to be neatly bound and sent to me, the last volume excepted, which he will retain to bind the remainder by (if more are yet to come) that all may be alike. If this is not the case, pray let it be so as soon as possible, and he shall receive the cost without delay.

I must again trouble you in forwarding the enclosed (after sealing) to Mr. Kitt, and will say now what I did not do on this subject in my former letter, and that is, that if you have any dereliction to the business, be frank in declarg. it.

Inclosed is a letter, and receipt of Doctr. Barton's 96 for Sixty dollars which I pray you to receive, if you can , and place to my

Dr. Benjamin Smith Barton. He was professor of natural history and botany, University of Pennsylvania.

0181 147 credit, but I inform you before hand, that you will never get a copper of it if it depends upon him alone . You will perceive by the letter, that the money borrowed, was, punctually , to be returned in a month. After waiting near, or quite a year, he was applied to, and then, I was, assuredly , to have it in two or three days; after as many months waking, without hearing a tittle from him applications were again made and the same answers have been received and so it went on until the Scenes of my Public life were closed and he was informed that I was desirous of adjusting all my pecuniary matters in Philadelphia before I left it when the most solemn assurance (without any intention I am persuaded to fulfil it) were given that the money should be instantly paid.

It is necessary for me to observe here that Doctr. Barton is an entire stranger to me. Never, to my knowledge, or recollection, did I ever exchange a word with him in my life, nor should I know if I was to see him. I did by him (supposing from his connections that he was a man of honour) as I had done by many others, although I found it not a little difficult to make all my receipts in addition to my compensation, keep pace with my expenditures, that is, to advance a little money (not on Usury) for immediate purposes.

It is not my wish (nor will I) for so trifling a sum, have my name called in a Court of Justice; but (and as his promises alone you may be assured will deceive you) I would suggest the expediency of your obtaining his note, with security, for payment of the nett sum of Sixty dollars, (and I want no more lest it should be conceived that interested motives induced the loan) and then, at the expiration of whatever credit is given, call upon that Security if the money is not punctually paid by Barton. This, if the latter has credit to obtain the former he cannot object to. With esteem etc.

0182 148

PS. If you could send me samples of some of the best German Oznabrgs. with the prices marked thereon, by the Ell, it would enable me to decide, whether to purchase in Philadelphia or Alexandria. I may, probably, require a thousand Ells.

In some of the late Philadelphia Gazettes I have seen Advertised a number of Passengers from Hamburgh, who are to make their own contracts. Among these it is said their are Clerks in different languages. If one could be had who is competent in English; who is master of a fair hand in English character; and who has testimonials as to his sobriety, morals and general good character, such in short as would satisfy you, were you in want of such a Person, I should be glad to contract with him on as long terms as could be obtained, having a great deal of copying to do. And if a complete Country blacksmith, One who knows how to make Ploughs, and all other impliments for a farm would be acceptable also.

*To FREDERICK KITT

Mount Vernon, January 29, 1798.

Mr. Kitt: Your letter of the 15th instant has been duly received, and we were glad to hear that you and Mrs. Kitt were well, and had escaped the Malady with which the City has been afflicted. But sorry to be informed that two, who had been my domestics, had fallen victims to it.

Continue your enquiries, I pray you, after Herculas; and if you should find it necessary, hire some one who is most likely to be acquainted with his haunts, to trace them out; and if you should learn of him, advise with Colo. Biddle on the most effectual mode of securing him until he can be put on board one of the Packets for Alexandria with a strict charge to the Master not to give him an opportunity of escaping. Whatever cost shall attend this business Colo. Biddle will pay.

0183 149

Mrs. Washington would very gladly have employed Mr. Brown, if she had known in time that he would have come hither; but having lately got a housekeeper who understands Cookery, two would be more than necessary. We should like to know however, on what terms Mr. Brown would come, if an occasion hereafter should make it necessary to enquire after such a character.

I am glad to hear you have a birth at the Bank. I hope it is such an one, as will enable you to live comfortably. My advice to you, is so to conduct yourself in it, as to merit the esteem and good will of all those with whom you may have business to transact; and above all things, if you have any thing to do with the money, to let your care and deligence in handling of it, be engaged by nothing but your integrity. I wish you well and am etc.

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, January 30, 1798.

My dear Bushrod: I had heard with much concern, before your letter of the 21st instant was received, of your illness; and congratulate you on your recovery. Be careful in guarding against a relapse, by taking cold.

I hope my letter of the 19th of this month got safe to your hands (by the Post); contained therein, were $120 to enable you to do the needful relative to the taxes of my Western Lands; accompanied by some statements which might assist in the investigation of that business.

As Genl. Lees Deed to me was not recorded in the time prescribed by Law; what, if it is thereby rendered invalid, is necessary to be done to Secure my right to the Land therein conveyed?

0184 150

The family here, are all well, and unite in every good wish for your perfect recovery and in best regards for Mrs. Washington. With Your Affecte. Uncle.

*To ALBIN RAWLINS

Mount Vernon, January 31, 1798.

Sir: Your letter of the 26th instant came to my hands yesterday.

There has been some misconception of the application from General Spotswood to your Brother, for it was not a person to be employed in writing and riding he was desired to enquire after but for a Housekeeper, or, if a housekeeper could not be had, than for a man who was qualified for the Office of Butler; who could set out a Table, attend at the side board, and being in the capacity of a head Servant in the family would attend to, and make all the others do their duty properly. In a word to answer all the purposes of a housekeeper and to supercede the necessity of employing one. If any other idea was embibed from what General Spotswood said, or wrote, It has proceeded, as I have said above, from misconception.

It is sometime since I have been provided with a housekeeper; of course my enquiries on that head have ceased. I have, it is true, some business to do in the way you speak of particularly writing; and if, in order to save myself the trouble of doing it, I could engage a single man competent thereto on very moderate wages; One who would confine himself closely; be content to eat with, and live in the same manner the Housekeeper does, having a room to himself to write in, and another to lodge in, over the same I would employ one, and if that mode of living, and manner of treatment would comport with your 0185 151 views; Say, in one word, what is the lowest wages you would agree to take by the year ? and you shall receive a decisive answer by the return of the Post. I am etc.

*OBSERVATIONS IN GOING OVER MR. ANDERSON'S ACCOUNTS

Mount Vernon, February 1, 1798.

1. That there is no Cash A/c raised in his Ledger, which is as essential as any other A/c; because, in a greater or less degree, it is the foundation of all others, or nearly allied to them: and is the one from whence the balance of the receipts and expenditures of money is to appear. And if a column in this a/c be instituted for correspondent numerical numbers therein, with those on the back of the Vouchers, a reference to, and a comparison of, the charge and voucher can be made in a moment, and with great case.

2. If it stands charged in the Bank Book (for want of which I cannot speak with decision) you have given me no credit for my order (which is entered on my minutes) for $200 on the Bank of Alexandria, the 28th of Jany. 1797.

3. In the A/c raised for the Stud horse (Traveller) the gross amount, as appears thereby (exclusive of my own Mares) is £25.16. when by the Cash A/c £11.9.0 only has been received. It is presumed that this difference is yet due; and if so, it only serves to prove in a strong degree, the ineligibility of suffering Mares or Jennies to be taken away before the money is paid; unless it be by those from whom it is known no difficulty or trouble will be met with in the Collection thereafter.

4. I have discovered no credit for £1.11.3 received from A. Jameson.

0186 152

5. I have found no Voucher for a charge, paid I:V. Thomas of £2.7.6, nor for £7.7.9 paid John Violet, except in their a/c without receipts.

6 The Dogue run A/c of wheat delivered, and the Mill A/c of Wheat received from Dogue run, do not agree. The same disagreement also appears between the Mill, and the other Farms.

7 What is meant in Mansion house A/c by sundries as pr. Waste Book?

8 The Fish A/c, Spinning A/c. Blacksmith and Shoemakers, are not so stated as to shew with exactitude the advantage of either. The hire of the persons employed in each of those businesses ought to have been charged. And with respect to the Fish A/c the wear and tare of the Seins ought also to come in as part of the annual cost. And with regard to the Store A/c, there is scarsely any information to be drawn from it: whereas, among other things, it was my earnest wish to have known, with precision, every thing that went from thence to the Distillery; that, when added to the Articles of every sort and kind (purchased expressly for the erection, and establishment of that work) I might, when to these were also added the timber and Stone, taken from my own Premises; The Carpenters, Masons, Bricklayers; Ditchers; and Labourers wages; Carting, &ca., know what the out fit has cost me. Unless these matters are taken into A/c the calculation of the profit must prove falacious.

8. [ sic ] Explanations, relative to the observations here made, will render the A/c as clear as they appear to be fair. But I must, notwithstanding, desire that a Cash A/c and all external Accounts, may, hence forward, be rendered quarterly; as directed in a former letter. Internal A/cs, by which I mean those appertaining to the Mansion house, Farms, Mill, Distillery, &ca. &ca. 0187 153 will not be required, and indeed cannot be rendered more than at the close of every year.

I will close these observations with an earnest request that nothing may be purchased in future that can well be done without: and when purchased, that every possible care and attention may be paid to the use and care of them: for it would be uncandid not to add, that there has been a profusion of Articles had from Shops and Trades people; In a word, that my Estate is unable to bear it; and that nothing but the money arising from the Sales of land, to a very considerable amount, would have enabled me to meet such accumulated expences.

*To JAMES ANDERSON

Mount Vernon, February 6, 1798.

Mr. Anderson: It would seem by the reply you handed to me yesterday, in explanation of the observations I had made, in going over your A/cs that you were hurt by the remarks.

The notes were not taken with that view, and you were told so in explicit terms. On the contrary I remarked that the A/cs were perfectly fair, and only required explanation in one or two instances to make them clear.

Not having the Bank book (for it was in your possession at the time) I could only refer to my own Cash Memorandums for the $200 drawn on the Bank of Alexandria in Jany. last. When I saw the Book, and heard your explanation of that, and the other matters which had been noted I told you more than once, and in strong terms, that I was fully satisfied.

I find no complaint exhibited in the observations; nor do I perceive a single thing required in them, that is repugnant to, or not warranted by our Agreement. I little expected then, to see among your explanations, a hint so early given, of leaving 0188 154 the business at the close of the present year; after having induced me to encounter a very serious expence in erecting a Distillery of which I had no knowledge, nor the smallest intention to do, depending on your experience and judgment to carry it on. But do as you please in this matter; I never did, nor never shall wish to retain any person in my employ contrary to their inclination.

I observed, it is true, that the expences of last year were very great. You had done the same several times before, to me; and I urged the necessity of retrenchment where it was practicable, and care where it was not.

You will recollect that before you received my Observations, or I your explanations, that I suggested the idea, and even asked your aid to procure from Scotland a young man who could ease both you and me of much writing. And you will recollect also that it was to save you from those frequent rides to, and consequent expences in Alexandria, that I proposed engaging the most respectable Retail dealer to supply me from his own, or provide from other Stores, with such articles as I wanted, on written Orders.

The business of Distilling, last year was, it must be confessed, an uncontemplated, and of course an extra: business; but for what purpose the Dairy, and saving of Clover Seed are mentioned I know not. If saving one's own Seed (where it will ripen) is not the duty of a farmer, I am yet to learn the duties of one.

The moment it was resolved to establish a Distillery upon the Plan it now is, I declared my entire approbation that it should be under the immediate care of your Son John, and my willingness at the sametime to allow him whatever you thought reasonable, or others received. And this I repeat.

0189 155

Calling for a quarterly Cash A/c proceeded from no distrust of their not being fairly renderd at the end of the year. but for mutual convenience, and also that I might see how matters were going on.

If a Cash A/c was exhibited on a loose sheet, it has escaped me. I recollect nothing of it. I am willing to receive the Vouchers, and to certify my approbation of the A/cs in the fullest manner. I should have done it at the foot of the Cash A/c if it had been Posted; or I would have done it before (and am ready to do it now) in the seperate Book, had I not understood from you that it was intended to be entered therein. And it is no new thing for me to declare that I never harboured the most distant suspicion of your applying any thing from the Store, or elsewhere to your own use, that you were not justly entitled to. In a word, you have had it from under my hand before, and I repeat it again, that I have been perfectly well satisfied with your conduct at the same time that I have and must continue to do so, [illegible] my business [illegible] and attentions to particular matters, as I expected to [illegible] I have done. I think in a friendly manner. I wish you well, and am etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF STATE

Mount Vernon, February 6, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 20th and 27th. Ulto. have been duly received; and the Pamphlets, with Colo. Monroe's View , came safe.

If no direct opportunity to Alexandria should present itself soon, by which the works of Mr. Nancrede could be sent with convenience and without liability to damage, I would thank you for putting them (carefully wrapped up) into the hands of Colo. Biddle, who is the Agent employed by me for transacting 0190 156 the small matters I have to do in Philadelphia; and who, generally, sends such things as I require, by the Packets to Alexandria.

I am sensible of the honor done me by Mr. Nancrede 97 in the dedication of this work to me, and for his politeness in sending it; and shall, as soon as I know on what terms the Studies of Nature are offered, make him my acknowledgement accordingly.

Paul Joseph Guérard de Nancrede, who published, in Boston in 1792, L'Abeille François .

I have not had leisure, yet, to look into Monroe's View , nor to read more than the first numbers of Scipio although I have them to the 15th. inclusive. Postponing the latter until I had obtained the former.

Notwithstanding there existed no doubt in my mind that the charge exhibited against you in the Aurora was a malignant falsehood yet, satisfied as I am of the motive , and the end intended to be answered by the publication , I have read with much gratification your explicit disavowal of its application. But the more the views of those who are opposed to the measures of our Government are developed, the less surprised I am at the attempt and the means, cowardly, illiberal and assasin like, which are used to subvert it; and to destroy all confidence in those who are entrusted with the Administration thereof. Among these, is to be classed an assertion, in the Pamphlet written by Mr. Fauchet in these words “It is the general opinion that Mr. Talon came to Philadelphia on a confidential mission from the Pretender” to Genl. Washington. “He was admitted to a very particular audience with the President before the arrival of Mr. Genet at Philadelphia.” What the general opinion 0 of the French party might have been is not for me to say, but I pronounce the latter part of the quotation to be an impudent, a wicked, and groundless assertion; and accordingly 0191 157 authorise any and every person who chuses to be at the trouble of doing it, to contradict it in the most unqualified terms. With Mr. Talon I had no acquaintance. If he ever was in my company it must have been in the drawing room (or at what was called the Levies) on company days. Whether I ever exchanged a word with him during the time of his stay in this Country, is more than my memory at this time, is able to decide. If his arrival in it was posterior to the proscription, or cloud which hovered of [ sic ] such characters, the probability is that he never did; be this however as it may; I will pledge myself that, I never, directly nor indirectly ever exchanged a word with him out of the public rooms, on public days, and on common place subjects. And if it could be adjudged expedient by you, and those with whom I usually conversed on subjects of this sort I would announce as much in the Gazettes; when it might not be amiss perhaps to let my whole letter to Mr. Gouvr. Morris, and his to me, to which it was an answer, appear also in order to do away the effect of another charge which extracts drawn from the former, was intended to make on the public mind, namely, a dereliction to France and the contrary to Great Britain. To produce a justification of one's conduct in matters of this sort wou'd be unpleasant, if it was unconnected with public concerns, I should treat the assaults to injure me with the contempt they deserve; but when it [illegible] becomes a matter of more magnitude and merits [illegible].

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, February 7, 1798.

My dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 1st instant came to hand by Saturdays Post, with the Auditors Receipts. If no bad consequences flow from the delay, in that Office, it is immaterial 0192 158 when I obtain the result of his investigation of the State of my taxes, on the Western Waters; but to prevent it, let me request you, to keep his enquires alive. The tract of 587 Acres lyes, I presume, in the County of Harrison; or if divided, in the part taken therefrom, below, on the River Ohio, lying about 15 miles below Wheeling. The other tract, on the Ohio, is situated 3 or 4 Miles below the Mo. of little Kanhawa; and if not in the County bearing that name, must be in the one next above it. And the other missing tract, assuredly lyes in what is now called Kanhawa.

Yesterday, the enclosed came to my hand, and is forwarded without delay. I am exceedingly glad to hear that you are quite well. Accept, and present, our Affectionate regards etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, February 7, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your two letters, both dated the 1st. instant, came to hand yesterday only . I thank you for giving me the perusal of their enclosures; and as I am upon the point of setting out to a meeting of the Stock holders of the Potomack Navigation, and may be from home two or three days, I return them without delay.

I had, it is true, entirely forgot my old Coach until reminded thereof by Mr. Small; upon which, I wrote to Colo. Biddle (who transacts all matters of that sort for me in Philadelphia) to sell it for whatever it would fetch, and took it for granted that all expences (as he had money of mine in his hands) had been paid. Let me entreat you, therefore, to direct Mr. Small to that source for payment.

As the Gout and Rheumatism are said to be cousin germans, it is no matter on which Acct. (I hope I may) congratulate you on a recovery from. Complimts. &ca. and I am always etc.

*To BURWELL BASSETT

Mount Vernon, February 10, 1798.

Dear Sir: I am glad to find by your favour of the 1st. instant, from Eltham, that you had postponed entering into any contracts for Corn until you should hear from me, relatively to the advanced price of that article with you .

Since Corn has arisen to 15/. with you, I find I can purchase, and supply my Distillery with all it requires, on better terms here than to fetch it from below. When the freight, Insurance or risk are added to 15/. the cost of that article on York river, it will amount to 17/6 at least ; when it is to be bought in Alexandria at 16, or 16/6 at most .

Under these circumstances I pray you to desist from buying, and to accept my thanks for the trouble I have already given you in this business. The family here are all well, and unite with best regards for you etc.

*To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letters of the 14th Ulto. and 6th. instr. have been duly received. The receipt of the first, would have met with an earlier acknowledgment, had I not waited for the coming of the latter, agreeably to your assurances of forwarding one, so soon as the documents could be obtained from the Records in Richmond.

The description which you have been at the trouble to give me in your former letters, of my lands on Rough Creek; the view of the country generally , contained in that of the 14th. Ulto; and the particular description of the Waters of Rough Creek and Green River; together with the bounteous provisions made 0194 160 by Providence to accommodate the Inhabitants of it, is clear, precise, and extremely satisfactory; and I fell myself much gratified, and obliged by the recital of them.

All the Papers transmitted in your letter of the 14th of January, are herewith returned, as they may be of use to you in the prosecution of the business, which you have kindly undertaken in my behalf, and can be of none to me, in the present stage of the business; nor ever, perhaps, if matters are amicably settled, and I should not become the purchaser of the tract formerly Wodrows.

From your account of the prices of Land on rough Creek, I should suppose that twenty shillings an Acre for Hite's 300 Acre tract (formerly Wodrows) would be considered a high price, especially as the whole, in a manner, is periodically flooded; to this extent I would go; having a little previous notice after the purchase is made to provide for the paymt. If the Land cannot be obtained at this price, Mr. Short might be requested as from yourself to ascertain the lowest sum Mr. Hite would take, and await the result of an answer, from me. Mr. Short is, I have no doubt, a Gentleman of character; but it will not escape you, that in treating with a neighbour, perhaps an intimate friend, he wd. feel no disposition to bring Mr. Hite to his lowest price, or ultimatum. But if he should make the purchase, one thing will be indispensably necessary, and that is, to see that Mr. Hite's title is clearly derived; for it does not appear from the Papers you sent me (which are returned) by what transfer, or process, Mr. Isaac Hite became the Grantee. The Record says, that Andrew Wodrow assigned the Survey of 300 acres to Isaac Hite, Abraham Hire junr., and Joseph Hite. and by another endorsement Andrew Hynes is introduced, as standing between the Hite's and the Grantee.

0195 161

With respect to the other contemplated addition to my land on Rough Creek, I would not wish to proceed further, in the first instance, than to an enquiry whether all the Lands, to be included by a straight line, to be run from the upper corner of my 2000 Acre tract, at G in the connected plat, I sent you, to the lower corner on the Creek, of the 3000 acre tract, at D, could be had? At what price? and on what credit? If Mr. Field, at your request, would be so obliging as to ascertain these points, it would be rendering me an acceptable service; and my ulterior measures would be regulated thereby. As it is not an unusual thing for People to have their expectations raised, and to raise their prices accordingly, upon enquiry of this sort, it may not be amiss for him to understand, that my sole object is to shape my land, and to include the waters, having very little inclination to increase the quantity, and none for the purposes of speculation. If, therefore, the Proprietors of the lands, which would be included by such a line as is described above, should be induced to advance their price in consequence of these enquiries, they will deceive themselves, at the sametime that they defeat my object.

I pray you to keep an A/c of the cost, of obtaining copies of any Records in behalf, and to let me know the amount; as also of any other expences which may be incurred in the transaction of this business, and they shall be paid on demand, with thanks, and with pleasure: for though I give you trouble in it, I do not mean to load you with expence. I wish also to be informed whether the Postmaster in Fredericksburgh charges postage on my letters to you, or not, when they are Franked with my name.

We are all tolerably well, and unite with best regards to you, Mrs. Spotswood and the rest of the family. With very great Esteem etc.

*To SALLY BALL HAYNIE

Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.

Miss Salley: I have received your letter of the 28th. of last month, and without enquiry at this time why you left Mr. Lewis's family or how you employ your time, I have requested him to furnish you with ten pounds to supply you with such necessaries as you may be in immediate want.

But as you have no fortune to support you, Industry, œconomy, and a virtuous conduct are your surest resort, and best dependance. In every station of life, these are commendable. In the one in which it has pleased Providence to place you, it is indispensably necessary that they should mark all your footsteps. It is no disparagement to the first lady in the Land to be constantly employed, at some work or another; to you, it would prove, in addition to a chaste and unsullied reputation the surest means of attracting the notice of some man with whom your future fortune will be united in a Matrimonial bond and without which it would be in vain to expect a person of worth. I wish you well and am Your friend.

*To ROBERT LEWIS

Mount Vernon, February 11, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 31st Ulto. came safe to hand, and the Deed therein enclosed, shall be executed in the manner, and in time, to obtain a certificate from the Clerk of this County at the Court next to be held for it, on the 19th. instant, and transmitted to you.

Enclosed is a letter for Sally Haynie, left open for your perusal before it is forwarded to her; with the contents of which, respecting the payment of ten pounds, I request you to 0197 163 comply; and charge the same to the A/c of your collection of my Rents.

With regard to my Land above Bath, I am really at a loss what direction to give concerning it. To have the valuable Walnut trees, with which it abounds, taken off, by a parcel of lawless intruders, is extremely disagreeable (if they can not be punished) on the one hand, and for the sake of obtaining a better Rent, to engage to take them off myself, within a given period, and that perhaps a short one, would be attended with great inconvenience, perhaps expence and loss, on the other. For unless I could get them to this place the cost of felling, preparing them for transportation, and attending them down the River would be a dead charge, and without the latter was done, that is to attend the logs down, I should not get one of them; of course all that preceeded would be lost. I see but two modes by which I can be benefitted by these Logs; one to let some person occupy the land without paying Rent, for the sole consideration of taking care of them. The other, if a good rent could be obtained, to oblige the Tenant to deliver them to me , noting the quantity of the trees, at a certain price, to be allowed out of the Rent. A third method indeed occurs, but it is one by which I should, apparently, get little for them, namely, to sell them on the spot: and yet, ultimately, if they would sell there for near their value, it might be the most productive mode of the three.

Under this dilemma, make the best investigation of the subject you can, and act as shall seem most conducive to my interest. I am not inclined to give a lease for more than Seven years , and if the tenant is permitted to kill the Walnuts by girdling the trees, I do not believe that the Crops would sustain much injury by their standing. They would season in this manner, and a few years hence, when the Navigation of the River is in a more improved state might be brought down with more ease 0198 164 and safety. Perhaps, upon the whole, this may be found the most eligable Plan.

We are all tolerably well at this time and unite in offering our best wishes for you, Mrs. Lewis and the family. With sincere friendship, and Affectionate regard, etc.

*To JAMES ROSS

Mount Vernon, February 12, 1798.

Dear Sir: For the mere purpose of acknowledging the receipt of your favor of the 2d. instant, 98 covering a receipt from the Bank of Pennsylvania for the Bonds of Colonels Shreve and Ritchie, deposited therein for Collection, is this letter written.

Ross had written: “The legislature is much divided, and the parties in it, as much embittered against each other, as it is possible to conceive. The more our danger encreases, the factious, discontented spirit seems to become bolder, and to assume a more desperate [ sic ] attitude. One party or the other must obtain a decisive Victory before the Machine of Government can move with efficacy. The sooner this is decided the better, At present the House of Represts. is engaged in a deep, learned discussion of a knotty question. Whether Spitting in the face of a Member while attending his duty in the house is an insult or not. Those who know the house best seem to think that the ruffian who was guilty of this rudeness, will be protected by his party.” Ross's letter is in the Washington Papers .

I will add however, while the Pen is in my hand, that with you, I think it is vain to expect any change in the sentiments, or political conduct of those who are, in every form it can be tried, opposing the measures of the Government, and endeavouring to sap the foundation of the Constitution. A little time now, must decide what their ulterior movements will be, as they have brought matters to a crisis. With very great esteem etc.

*To ALBIN RAWLINS

Mount Vernon, February 12, 1798.

Mr. Rawlins: Your letter of the 7th. instant in reply to mine of the 31st. of January, was recd by the last Post; in which you 0199 165 say, the mode of living will be agreeable to you, and that you think two hundred dollars would be little enough to receive, as wages by the year.

Wages are always high, or low, according to the abilities of the employed, and wants of the employer; and also, and essentially, on account of the quantum of the employment. That which I shall have to do would be easy in the execution, but the person must always be at hand, and in readiness to perform it; and for doing so I had never contemplated giving more than $100; and for this sum characters have offered knowing that as they would have an easy birth, and exposed to little or no expence, Bed, board and washing being found them, but as they do not write so good a hand as you (presuming the letters I have received from you are of your own penning) I would allow you $150 provided you can bring sufficient testimony (as you are an entire stranger to me) of your Sobriety, integrity and good dispositions, and provided also that you understand accounts, or could soon acquire a knowledge of them.

In my last, I informed you where, and in what manner you would live, if you came to me, that is, you would have rooms to yourself, and would eat and drink with my Housekeeper, who is a very respectable character.

I wish now that you may be enabled fairly to decide, to give you the outlines of the duties which would be required of you, for to go into all the minutiae that, in the course of business, might be as impracticable as it would be useless.

To copy and record letters and other Papers, to keep Books (if required) and an account of articles received from and delivered to the Farms; and such other matters and things as relate thereto; to go (by land or water, at my expence, when expence is necessary) to such places as my business may require. to receive grain, and attend to the measurement of it, 0200 166 and other things when it is necessary to send a trustworthy person to see it done, would constitute your principal employment, out of these, as has been observed before, smaller matters may arise, but altogether will not be laborious.

I have been thus particular that you may decide, at once, whether you will, or will not accept the offer here made. If the former, I shall, to accomodate you, consent to your remaining three or four weeks where you are; to arrange your business; but in either event shall wish to have your determination as early as possible that I may act accordingly, as I must engage some one and soon to do the business I have enumerated.

As Judge Lyon lives in the Vicinity of Hanover Court house, you may, possibly, be known to him from whom, Judge Pendleton, [illegible] or any one I am acquainted with a recommendation would be acceptable and satisfactory. I am etc.

*To THOMAS PETER

Mount Vernon, February 16, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 13th instant was received yesterday, Previous thereto, a young man of Hanover County, who writes a beautiful hand; said to be well acquainted with accounts; and can obtain good recommendations, has offered his services as a Clerk; but asking more than I am disposed to give, I had wrote him, that if he would fall to my mark, I would employ him in that line; and until I receive his answer, I am not enabled to say any thing definitively relatively to the Nephew of Mr. Davidson.

I may add however, that if my proposal is not acceded to (of which I shall be informed by the middle of next week) I would engage Mr. Davidson's Nephew as a Clerk, at the rate of $100 pr. Ann: provided he will Indent himself to me for three years, 0201 167 or (being as you say about 18 until he is of age; and provided also he has had a classical education or is capable of writing gramatically, and has some knowledge of accts. and Book keeping or could soon acquire it; and above all is sober and discreet, and of a good disposition.

It does not appear from your letter that Mr. Davidson has been apprised that, whoever comes to me as a Clerk, will not set at my Table. It is necessary that he should be previously informed of this, the one I have written to is acquainted therewith, and does not expect it. The person whosoever he may be, will eat as I do, but at a second table with the Housekeeper, who is a decent and respectable woman. He will have a bed room over the Office, where he will write (the one at present used by Mr. Anderson) and will be very comfortably fixed, having his washing, as well as bed and board found him. These things are mentioned before hand, that matters may be clearly understood.

If they are agreeable and Mr. Davidson or his Nephew will intimate as much, they shall hear further from me so soon as I receive the expected answer from Hanover; and if the Nephew possesses the qualifications I have enumerated, and will come bound, he will be accepted, if the other refuses my oiler. I wish to be informed in this matter without delay, and at the sametime to receive a specimen of the young man's writing. Mrs. Washington who is well unites with me in best wishes for yourself, Patcy and the Children, with etc.

*To JOHN FITZGERALD

Mount Vernon, February 20, 1798.

Dear Sir: In answer to your letter of yesterday's date, I request you would inform Mr. Sim's that I cannot with my own 0202 168 consent, and consistent with my own engagements, grant the time he asks for payment of the money due me, and which ought to have been paid weeks ago.

If my hold is not weakened by the Act, and he will give me unequivocal security (such I mean as you would be satisfied with) that the money with interest from the time it became due, and cost of protest &ca. at the Bank, shall be paid on, or before the first day of April next I will consent (although it may involve me in embarrassment) to wait until that then, for payment; beyond which I cannot extend it; and must request to be informed, and decidedly, whether he accedes to this, that my measures, if he does not, may be taken Accordingly. If he should to you as the mutual friend to both, I submit the Negociation. The former note is yet at the Bank. Mr. Sim will not forget, I trust, that his first application was for a few days only ; and the forbearance has been upwards of six weeks. I stand, at this moment, engaged to pay for a quantity of Rye and Corn, and must buy more, or let my Distillery remain Idle, wch cannot, reasonably be expected. Yrs. etc.

*To ALEXANDER MARTIN 99

Senator from North Carolina.

On February 22 Martha Washington wrote to Mrs. Robert Liston, wife of the British Minister. The draft of this, in the writing of Washington, is in the Washington Papers .

Mount Vernon, February 22, 1798.

Sir: The last Post brought me your favour of the 4th instant, accompanied by a Dramatic piece of Poetry. For both I thank you.

The latter I have read with pleasure; highly applauding the motives wch gave birth to it: for lamentable, and much to be regretted indeed it is, that in a crisis like the present, when all hearts should be united and at their Post, ready to rejoice at the good, or repel the evil which await us, that nothing but internal 0203 169 dissentions and political hostilities are to be found in the Councils of our common Country.

Although no longer an Actor on this Theatre myself, I cannot but view these things with deep concern. I have the honor etc.

I do not know what Road you usually travel to and from the Seat of Government, but if it be by the way of Alexandria I should always be glad to see you at this place of my retreat.

*To DAVID STUART

Mount Vernon, February 26, 1798.

Dear Sir: When you were here last, I informed you, that from the reputation which the College at Annapolis had, I was most inclined under every view I could take of the case, to send Washington to that Seminary; and, accordingly, had requested Mr. George Calvert (who informed me that he was going to that City) to converse with the President of the College on this subject, and make other enquiries, and to acquaint me with the result.

Enclosed, I transmit his letter. It wd. have been more pleasing, and much to have been desired, to have got Washington fixed in the house with Mr. McDowall; but this it seems cannot be, for reasons assigned by that Gentleman. I think, notwithstanding, that he had best go there; as, from all accounts, there is less of that class of people which are baneful to youth, in that City, than in any other, from the nature of its composition, and strictness of its Police, according to Mr. Calverts Account. and for another reason also; seeing (as he confesses he has) what effect his misconduct has had upon his friends. Pride, when classed with other Students, will operate in addition 0204 170 thereto, a more powerful stimulus, than it would in lonely, and solitary reading and studies, by himself.

If he was to go to Alexandria, his Studies must be conducted at the Academy, or in his own chamber. The first, after coming from a large and celebrated College, he would consider as degrading, and in the other case (being left alone) he would attend very little to them while Mr. Moffat was discharging the trust reposed in him at the Academy. To expect, after devoting the appropriate hours to his school there that he wd. apply much of the residue to Washington, is what he would not perform, strictly , was he to promise it. And besides, from the information I have been enabled to obtain, the young People (Storekeeper and clerks chiefly) are idle, dissipated and extravagant. Acquaintances with some of them would be soon formed, and the consequences not difficult to predict. From good authority I am informed that many of them spend in Taverns more than their wages amount to. The deficiency must be supplied in some way or another.

With respect to his (Washington's) remaining at this place, I am perfectly satisfied from the experience of the last few months that he has been here, that even under the constant care of a more illumined Preceptor than I am sure there is the least chance of obtaining, he would progress very little; and as the case now is, that he will forget what he does know, so inert is his mind.

He takes Alexandria in his way to Hope Park, to provide himself with such Clothes [illegible] At what time they will be ready, otherwise than by promise, must depend on the Tayler. The Suggestion of your accompanying Washington to Annapolis is contained in Mr. Calverts letter, and coincides perfectly with my ideas of the utility of the measure. If it be convenient, and agreeable to you to undertake the journey, you 0205 171 shall be informed when he is ready to commence it, or, if there could be any dependence upon the Tayler he could inform you himself. If you cannot go, I will ask Mr. Lear to do it, but this will not answer as well, in either case the expence will be mine.

Mrs. Washington has a very bad cold, the rest of the family, at home, are as usual. best wishes to Mrs. Stuart and all with you. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To WILLIAM AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, February 27, 1798.

My dear Sir: Mr. Rice called here in his way to Alexandria, and delivered me your letter of the 15th. instant.

Of the recent afflicting event, 1 which was related therein, we had received previous accounts; and on that as on former occasions of a similar nature, sympathised sincerely in your sorrows. But these are the decrees of an Allwise Providence, against whose dictates the skill, or foresight of man can be of no avail; it is incumbent upon him therefore, to submit with as little repining as the sensibility of his nature will admit. This will have its course, but may be greatly ameliorated by philosophical reflection and resignation. As you have three children left, I trust they will be spared to you, and sincerely hope that in them you will find consolation and comfort.

Ford thinks this was the death of the second wife of William Augustine Washington, who was Mary, the daughter of Richard Henry Lee.

Had your intimation of Mr. Ashton's 2 wishes been announced to me about a fortnight ago, I would, gladly, have employed him in the character you have mentioned; provided his expectation of compensation had come within my means; which, in truth, are hardly able to support the heavy expences I am, in a manner, unavoidably run into, Finding it impracticable

Burdett Ashton. He married Ann Washington, the sister of William Augustine.

0206 172 to use the exercise (on horseback) which my health, business and inclination requires, and, at the sametime to keep my Accounts, and perform all the writing which my late public occupations have been the means of involving me in, I resolved to employ a Clerk (if to be had on moderate wages) and accordingly, about twelve or fourteen days ago, engaged one who writes a very good hand, and said to understand Accounts and Book keeping, at $150 a year. What would have been Mr. Ashton's expectations I know not; beyond this sum, or $200 at most, I could not have gone: and if he would have been contented therewith, and the application had been made in time, I should have received him with pleasure, in preference to the person who is to come, and who I expect here about the middle of next month, if he fulfils his promise.

The reason which you assign for giving the rudiments of education to your sons at home is a weighty and conclusive one; but much will depend upon the qualifications, and fitness of the Preceptor you employ, to render it more or less beneficial. To a certain point, tuition under the eye of Parents, or Guardians of Youth, is much to be prefered; because, the presumption is, that the propensities and passions, will be watched with more solicitude and attention by them, than by their Tutors: but when the direction of these are unfolded, and can be counteracted by the discipline of Public Schools, and the precepts of the Professors. Especially too, when the judgment is beginning to form; when pride becomes a stimulus; and the knowledge of men, as well as of Books, are to be learnt; I should give the preference to a public Seminary.

I make use of no Barley in my Distillery (the operations of which are just commenced). Rye chiefly, and Indian Corn in a certain proportion, compose the materials from which the Whiskey is made. The former I buy at 4/6 for the latter I have 0207 173 not given more than 17/6, and latterly 17/. delivered at the Distillery. It has sold in Alexandria (in small quantities from the Waggons) at 16/. and 16/6. pr Barrl. but at what it goes now I am unable to inform you. So large a quantity as you have for sale may command a good price.

Is there any person in your neighbourhood in the practice of selling staves, proper for flour barrels? If so, be so good as to inform me, and at what price they could be delivered at my landing (at the Mill). Any letters for me, put into a Post Office meets a safe and ready passage but how to insure mine to you, you can best tell, and I wish to be informed.

Did you ever receive a letter from me transmitting the request of Sir Isaac Heard of the Heraldry Office in England respecting the Genealogy of our family? and my own desires to be furnished with the Inscriptions on the Tombs of our Ancestors on [illegible] Bridges Creek? Among your father's Papers, I thought it was likely, you might obtain some information on this head. From the coming over of John and Lawrence Washington brothers in the year 1657 I have been able to trace the descendents of the former; being the one from whom our family came; those of Lawrence, from whom the Chotanckers proceeded, I have not been able to give any correct account; and that is the Branch to which Sir Isaac Heard's enquiries particularly point, being tolerably well informed of the descendants from John. The enquiry is, in my opinion, of very little moment, but as Sir Isaac has interested himself in the matter and seems desirous of tracing the family from whence we are descended back, I wish to give him as correct information of it as I am able to procure.

I am very glad to hear that you enjoy tolerable good health at present, and that your children are perfectly well. It is unnecessary I hope to assure you, that at all times, when you can make it convenient, and the situation of your health will 0208 174 permit, that we shall be very happy to see you at this place. Where is Mrs. Washington of Bushfield? I hope She is well. I acknowledged the receipt of her latter to me by the Post, but whether it ever got to her hands or not, I am unable to say. Probably not, as you lye out of the Post Road, and they may not be in the habit of sending to the Post Offices. Poor lady! I fear she will soon have another afflictive trial of her resignation to the Divine Will, in the death of Mrs. Corbin Washington, who from the last accts. we have had of her, cannot remain long among us. This family unite in best wishes for you, and yours, And I am &c.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, February 27, 1798.

Dear Sir: In the latter end of Jany. I acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 16th. of that month; writing you fully relative to several matters; on some of which (one in particular respecting the price of the best German Oznabgs.) I was in hopes I should have received an immediate answer to. Not having heard of the miscarriage of any Mail, I am at a loss to what cause to ascribe your silence; and yet, none appearing so likely, as a mishap of the letter, I forward a duplicate of it.

Ellwood arrived about the date of my last, and the articles sent by him were delivered in good order. By the first Vessel bound to Alexandria, I pray you to send me the several Articles mentioned in the enclosed list, addressed to the care of Colo. George Gilpin of that place. I am etc.

Sundries, to be sent from Philadelphia by Colo. Clement Biddle, for, and on A/c of George Washington; and addressed to Colo. Geo: Gilpin in Alexandria.

A Small box, say 20 or 30 lbs. of the best Imperial, or Hyson Tea

0209 175

Two Jars, or small boxes best Raisons

A barrel, or about 50 lbs. good Currants

50 lbs Almonds in the shell

Half a bushl. or bushel of the Ground Pease, or Pindars as theyare called

A barrel, or smaller quantity of the best kind of Shell barkHiccory Nuts or Kiska Toms as some call them.

To ALEXANDER WHITE

Mount Vernon, March 1, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. Ulto. was received yesterday. For the information it has given I thank you; although it is not of the most pleasing sort, some parts of it indeed has surprised me not a little, but neither the surprise or the cause of it, shall be communicated to any other.

My sentiments relatively to the memorial you are already possessed of, and therefore I shall add nothing more on that Subject, than the expression of a fear, that the disgraceful topic which has so long occupied the time and oratory of the House of Representatives 3 will contribute nothing to the favorable reception and issue of it.

Representative Matthew Lyon's attack or, Representative Roger Griswold.

If time should hang a little heavy on your hands, while the memorial is pending in Congress the appropriation of an hour or two of it now and then , not only to inform me of the progress of that business but as a calm observer (and in confidence if you choose it) to give me your opinion of matters as they pass before you in review; for misrepresentation and party feuds have arisen to such a height, as to distort truth and to become portentous of the most serious consequences. Where or when 0210 176 they will terminate, or whether they can end at any point short of confusion and anarchy is now in my opinion more problematical than ever.

I had until lately entertained a hope, that the continued depredations which are committed on our Commerce, the Pacific measures, which have invariably been pursued to obtain redress, and to convince the French of our earnest wish to remain in Peace with them, and all the World; and the indignant treatment those efforts have met with, would have united all parties, and all descriptions of men (except those who wish to see the waters troubled) in a firm and temperate demand of Justice; or, in preparations for the worst: but the reverse seems more apparently than ever to be the case; and every thing that can be by the most unnatural construction is exhibited as a justification of the Conduct of France towards this Country, and in condemnation of the measures of the latter.

What seems to be the prevalent Opinion of Colo. Monroe's “View of the Conduct of the Executive of the United States?” I do not mean the Opinion of either party; but (if such are to be found) of the dispassionate, or at least of the moderate part of both. I will make no remarks on it myself inclining rather to hear the observation of others, which I would wish to hear with the most unreserved frankness. But I will not enlarge on this or any other subject at present but conclude with assuring you that with sentiments of very great esteem etc. 4

From the “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers .

*To SAMUEL DAVIDSON 5

Of Georgetown (District of Columbia).

Mount Vernon, March 2, 1798.

Sir: Your favour of the 19th. Ulto. came duly to hand, and as it was your opinion that your Nephew was not educated in 0211 177 such a manner as to answer the purpose for which I had written to Mr. T. Peter, I made no reply to it.

Since then, another opening of a different kind, has occurred, which would afford employment for your Nephew on the terms suggested to Mr. Peter, but at a different Place.

I have erected a pretty considerable Distillery at my Mill (about 3 Miles from this place) the operations of which are just commencing, under the Superintence [ sic ] of Mr. Anderson my Manager (an honest Countryman of yours) whose Son resides thereat, and carries it on. He requires some person of sobriety and good character, in whose integrity reliance can be placed, as an Assistant, and who, if he conducts himself with intelligence and propriety, may probably when qualified therefor, become the Manager of it himself as both the father and son will give him every insight to fit him for a competent Distiller, in their Power.

I will, as on the former occasion, allow One hundred Dollars pr. Annum on condition that he is bound to me until he is of the age of 21, or for 3 Years. His residence will be at the Distillery with young Anderson, where fit accomodations for lodging them, &ca. are provided.

I would thank you for an immediate answer as such a person as I have described is now requisite. I am etc.

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, March 3, 1798.

Dear Sir: Since writing to you on the 27th and 28th Ulto, your letter of the 22d. has been received. I should be glad to know, as soon as you are enabled to furnish me with the means of judging, whether it will be best to buy Oznabrigs, or Ticklenbergs in Alexandria, or to send to Philadelphia for them; 0212 178 and to know it, I shall await the result of your enquiries and information.

I have already left it to your own judgment, to fix a period for selling the old Coach; and repeat it. You will have perceived however, that the expences thereon are accumulating; whilst, in all probability, the Carriage is growing worse and worse in its appearance. The A/c wch. has been exhibited for keeping it (if the charge is not unusual) must be paid; to me it appears very high.

I prefer having the Encyclopedia (second set) bound in gilt calf; and I hope it will be done neatly: and when put into your hands and the A/c rendered to me, the money shall be immediately paid. The sooner I could receive them, the more agreeable it would be to me.

I have already employed a young man to come to me as a Clerk: but a blacksmith, if one of good appearance and character could be had as a redemptioner, it would suit me well, provided he was well acquainted with the construction of farming implements, Shoeing horses, &ca. With esteem etc.

*To JOHN PARKER

Mount Vernon, March 4, 1798.

Sir: Your favour of the 9th Ult came duly to hand, and would have received an earlier acknowledgment had not causes of one kind or another intervened.

Always desirous of promoting works which are calculated for the use and benefit of mankind, and believing that the one you have in contemplation if well compiled, will contribute to this end, I readily become a Subscriber to it.

For the flattering terms in which you have been pleased to introduce the subject to me, I pray you to accept the thanks of Sir, etc.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, March 4, 1798.

Dear Sir: Knowing nothing of Mr. John Parker (whose letter I enclose you); of his fitness for the work he contemplates; or the utility of it when done; except bringing all these matters into a connected view; which indeed might be useful. But knowing as I well do, that many men when they want money, and do not readily know how else to come at it, are too apt to set projects of this kind on foot, to obtain it; sometimes for the mere purpose of catching a penny, without meaning more than to get hold of the money; and oftentimes without abilities to execute their designs in useful undertakings, by which attempts more competent pens lye unimployed. I say, viewing things in this light, and presuming you have a better knowledge of what is stated in his letter than I can pretend to, of his views, and of the propriety of encouraging the proposed undertaking, I have taken the liberty of putting along with his letter, my answer, to be forwarded to him, or not as your judgment and from existing circumstances, you shall deem best. With truth and sincerity etc. Are our Commrs. 6 Guilotined? or what else is the occasion of their Silence?

To France.

*To FRANCIS DEAKINS

Mount Vernon, March 5, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 24th Ulto. from George Town, enclosing Mr. Veatch's 7 letter to you, and account of Rents due to me; got safe to my hands.

Hezekiah Veatch.

It is not my wish, or request, that any of my tenants near Monocasy (who manifest a real disposition to discharge their 0214 180 Rents honestly) should be injured by distraining on their affects. All therefore that is incumbent on Mr. Veatch to do, in this case, is to keep an eye upon them, and not to suffer the means by which these Rents are to be discharged, to slip thro' his fingers; and to take care also, if they are not paid in the specific article stipulated, that is Tobacco, that he receives the value thereof in money at the price it actually sold, at the time it became due, and ought to have been paid. Of these matters you will please to inform Mr. Veatch, and with whatever else you and he may judge it expedient to do, in my behalf I shall be perfectly satisfied, and will abide the issue.

If Mr Lear has received the Bale. due from Mr. Jones, 8 he has no doubt given me credit for it, and it will appear in his A/c when I come to settle it.

John Jones, of Cecil County, Md.

I can only repeat to you, my thanks for the trouble you have taken in these concerns of mine, and add to them, assurances of being Dear Sir etc.

PS. At the moment I was going to close this letter for the Post Office, I was informed and heard with sincere regret, the death of your worthy brother, Colo. William Deakins, for whom when alive I had a high esteem and regard. On this melancholy occasion I offer you my heartfelt condolance.

*To JOHN McDOWELL

Mount Vernon, March 5, 1798.

Sir: Consequent of a letter which I have lately received from Mr. Geo: Calvert, this letter will be presented to you by Doctor Stuart; who is so obliging as to accompany young Mr. Custis to Annapolis for the purpose of entering him at College, 9 under

St. John's College, Annapolis, Md.

0215 181 your auspices; and for making such arrangements respecting his boarding; the proper line of conduct for him to observe; and course of Studies, as you and he (the temper and genius of the youth being considered) shall conceive most eligable for him to pursue.

Mr. Custis possesses competent talents to fit him for any studies, but they are counteracted by an indolence of mind which renders it difficult to draw them into action. Doctr. Stuart having been an attentive observer of this, I shall refer you to him for the developement of the causes. while justice, from me, requires I should add, that I know of no Vice to which this inertness can be attributed. From drinking and gaming he is perfectly free, and if he has a propensity to any other impropriety, it is hidden from me. He is generous, and regardful of truth.

As his family, fortune and talents (if the latter can be improved) give him just pretensions to become a useful member of Society, in the Councils of his Country, his friends (and none more than myself) are extremely desirous that his education should be liberal, polished, and adapted to this end. Any exertions of yours therefore to promote these wishes, would be gratefully received.

Whatever is agreed upon by Doctr. Stuart in my behalf, with relation to Mr. Custis, will meet the approbation of, and be complied with by, Sir Your etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

*To GEORGE RICHARDS MINOT

Mount Vernon, March 5, 1798.

Sir: Your favour of the 10th Ult. accompanying the first Vol: of the continuation of Massachusetts history, came to my hands yesterday, and I delay not a moment to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to thank you for this fresh instance of your 0216 182 politeness; and for the sentiments you have been pleased to express for me.

From the accuracy of your pen, and the purity with which your former productions have been given to the Public, I entertain no doubt of the correctness and valuableness of the present work. With esteem etc.

*To DOCTOR B—FENDALL 10

A dentist.

Mount Vernon, March 6, 1798.

Sir: Mrs. Washington has been long in expectation of receiving what you took away unfinished, and was to have completed and sent to her; and prays that it may be done with out further delay, as she is in want of them; and must apply elsewhere if not done. I am etc.

*To JOHN NICHOLAS

Mount Vernon, March 8, 1798.

Sir: The letter which you did me the favor of writing to me under date of the 22d. Ulto. came safe to hand. Nothing short of the Evidence you have adduced, corroborative of intimations which I had received long before, through another channel, could have shaken my belief in the sincerity of a friendship, which I had conceived was possessed for me, by the person 11 to whom you allude. But attempts to injure those who are supposed to stand well in the estimation of the People, and are stumbling blocks in their way (by misrepresenting their political tenets) thereby to destroy all confidence in them; is one of the means by which the Government is to be assailed, and the Constitution destroyed. The conduct of this Party is

Thomas Jefferson.

0217 183 systematized, and every thing that is opposed to its execution, will be sacrificed, without hesitation or remorse; if the end can be answd by it.

If the person whom you suspect , was reaIly the Author of the letter under the signature of John Langhorne, it is not at all surprising, to me, that the correspondence should have ended where it did; for the penetration of that man would have perceived at the first glance of the answer, that nothing was to be drawn from that mode of attack; In what form, the next insidious attempts may appear, remains to be discovered. But as the attempts to explain away the Constitution, and weaken the Government are now become so open; and the desire of placing the Affairs of this Country under the influence and control of a foreign Nation is so apparent and strong, it is hardly to be expected that a resort to covert means to effect these objects, will be longer regarded.

With respect to Mr. Monroe's “View of the conduct of the Executive of the United States” I shall say but little; because as he has called it a view thereof, I shall leave it to the tribunal to which he himself has appealed, to decide 1st, how far a correspondence with one of its Agents is entitled to the unqualified epithet he has bestowed thereon; 2d. How, if it is not, it is to exhibit a view thereof; 3d, how far his Instructions, and the letters he has received from that Executive through the Constitutional organ, and to which he refers, can be made to subserve the great points which he and his Party are evidently aiming at; namely, to impress upon the public mind that favoritism towards Great Britain, has produced a dereliction, in the Administration, of good will towards France.

As to the propriety of exposing to public view his private Instructions, and correspondence with his own Government, nothing need be said; for I should suppose that the measure 0218 184 must be reprobated by the well informed and intelligent of all Nations ; and not less so by his abettors in this Country; if they were not blinded by Party views, and determined at all hazards to catch at any thing, that, in their opinion, will promote them. The mischievous, and dangerous tendency of such a practice, is too glaring to require a comment.

If the Executive, in the opinion of the Gentleman you have alluded to, is chargeable with “premeditating the destruction of Mr. Monroe in his appointment, because he was the centre around which the Republican party rallied in the Senate” (a circumstance quite new to me) It is to be hoped he will give it credit for its lenity to that Gentleman for having designated several others (not of the Senate) as Victims to this office before the sacrafice of Mr. Monroe was ever had in contemplation. As this must be some consolation to him and his frds. I hope they will embrace it.

But as you have given me assurances of a visit at this place with Governor Wood in the Spring which is now commencing I shall only add that with esteem &c.

*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON

Mount Vernon, March 8, 1798.

My dear Bushrod: As some time has elapsed since I heard from you, and something remained to be done by the Auditor of which you were to give me the result I have been apprehensive of a return of your fever and wish to hear of a perfect recovery of yourself and Mrs. Washington who we are informed has also been sick.

In one of my last letters to you, was enclosed a certified copy of the publication of the Chancery decree in the London Gazette relative to Colvills Affairs. Did it get safe to your hands? 0219 185 and in that, or another letter I asked what steps I ought to take to legalize Genl. Lee's Conveyance of Land to me, as the proof thereof was not in time? and whether the Postmaster in Richmond charged you with the Postage of my letters? To none of these have you made any response.

But the motive which has induced me to write to you, at this moment, will be found in the enclosed correspondences and with the observation and enquiry which follow, will explain the object of giving you the trouble of reading them.

Mr. Nicholas (who is a conspicuous performer in this business) is a Gentleman with whom I have no recollected acquaintance, and the political conduct of all those of the name, whom I do know, adds nothing to my esteem of them. He seems very desirous of drawing me into a correspondence on Party subjects; which of all others, is not the most pleasant; and even civil answers upon this topic to one of whose character I know nothing, might be imprudent.

Enquiring, upon the receipt of the first letter from Mr. Nicholas, who he was, I was answered, I think by Doctr. Stuart, that he was Clerk of Albemarle Court; was a respectable man; well disposed to the Government; and the reputed Author of a number of pieces under the signature of Americanus. Since that, he has doubted whether it was the person he had in view, or not; this circumstance, and Mr. Nicholas in his last letter speaking of you as his intimate friend, has induced me to give you the reading of all the letters; and to rest it with you, from a view of the subject, and the knowledge you possess of the character of Mr. Nicholas, to forward, or return to me, the letter herewith enclosed, to its address. It is left open for your perusal. If it goes on, seal and put it under another cover, or not, as you please. The other Inclosures will be returned to me of course.

Our love to Mrs. Washington and with sincere friendship &c.

*To JAMES KEITH

(Private)

Mount Vernon, March 13, 1798.

Dear Sir: A few days ago I received the enclosed letter and Papers from Mr. Lear, but before I execute the Deed to the President of the Potomack Company alone, I wish to be informed from you (as one of the Directors) whether this would be agreeable to the letter of the Resolutions, on which the measure is founded, and if not strictly so, whether the Act of the President and Directors in this case had not better be made to be so. I shall not enlarge; but submit the matter to your reflection on the mode most secure, and satisfactory to those who place their Stock in this situation. I do not recollect precisely enough, the transactions on that occasion, to give a pointed opinion thereon; Nor do I know for the same reason what is to follow the Conveyance of the Stock to the President of the Company, intermediate between that Act, and the moneys getting into the hands of the Treasurer. This is a matter which claims the serious attention of All those to whom the business is entrusted, and in whom confidence is placed. A letter in answr. to this, with the Papers returned, lodged in the Post Office by thursday morning will come safe, and be in time. With great estm. etc.

*To DOCTOR WILLIAM STOY 12

Of Lebanon, Pa.

Mount Vernon, March 17, 1798.

Sir: Your letter of the 28th. Ulto 13 came safe, but was sometime longer than might have been expected, on its way.

In the Washington Papers .

0221 187

As I think your charge for the prescription application to Christopher (my servant), who was supposed to be bitten by a mad dog, is a very reasonable one, I send you enclosed a five dollar bank note of Alexandria (having no other paper money by me); without enquiring whether your not having received four dollars before, proceeded from the neglect of the Servant, or any other person.

Christopher continues to do well, and I believe is now free from apprehension of any bad consequences from the bite. I shall beg to be informed of your receipt of this letter, being unwilling that you should go unpaid. I am etc.

[N.Y.P.L.]

To GEORGE WASHINGTON PARKE CUSTIS

Mount Vernon, March 19, 1798.

Dear Washington: Your letter of the 12th instant has been received; and it gives me and your friends here much pleasure to find that you are agreeably fixed, and disposed to prosecute your studies with zeal and alacrity.

Let these continue to be your primary objects and pursuits; all other matters at your time of life are of secondary consideration. For it is on a well-grounded knowledge of these, your respectability in maturer age, your usefulness to your country, and, indeed, your own private gratification, when you come seriously to reflect upon the importance of them, will depend. The wise man, you know, has told us (and a more useful lesson never was taught) that there is a time for all things ; and now is the time for laying in such a stock of erudition as will effect the purposes I have mentioned. And above all things, I exhort you to pursue the course of studies that Mr. Iwo, of whom every one, as well as yourself, speaks highly, has or shall mark out as the most eligible path to accomplish the end. It is from 0222 188 the experience and knowledge of preceptors that youth is to be advantageously instructed. If the latter are to mark out their own course, there would be little or no occasion for the former, and what would be the consequence it is not difficult to predict.

One or other of the family will expect to receive a letter from you once a fortnight, that we may know how you are in health; in addition to which, I shall expect to hear how you are progressing in your studies, as time advanes. All here join in best wishes for you, among whom, your sister Peter is of the number; and you may be assured of the friendship of your affectionate etc. 14

From the printed text in Custis's Recollections of Washington .

*To CLEMENT BIDDLE

Mount Vernon, March 19, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 11th instant has been received; and I shall depend upon receiving samples of the Oznabrigs and Ticklenbirgs, with the prices annexed, so soon as you are enabled to give them; as I can not much longer delay purchasing the quantity I want, and am now making partial purchases to supply immediate calls, and not on good terms.

By the first regular Packett from Philadelphia I shall expect to receive the Groceries, the Table Ornaments, and the Encyclopedia:: Let the latter be accompanied by Mr. Dobsons acct. of cost; and say what sum will be necessary, in addition to any balance which I may have in your hands, after paying for such articles as have been ordered and which I am about to request; and the money shall be immediately remitted.

In consequence of the opinion given by you of Mr. Savages 15 Print 16 (presuming it is his you allude to) I pray you to request

Edward Savage.

Probably the prints from Savage's first portrait of Washington, which was painted in 1789 for Harvard University.

0223 189 him to chuse four for me; and have them put into handsome, but not costly, gilt frames, with glasses (supposing them to be of a size to admit glasses) and send three of them to me; the other, Mrs. Washington (I believe) is under promise of presenting to Mrs. Green (now Mrs. Miller). 17 This is the additional expence alluded to in the last Paragraph; and which I request may be paid as soon as presented to you.

Widow of Gen. Nathanael Greene, who married Phineas Miller.

I am very sorry to hear of the Capture of the Ship New Jersey. Where, or how, or when, these violations will end, is not for me to say. With esteem etc.

*To ALEXANDER WHITE

Mount Vernon, March 25, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favors of the 10th and 14th Instant have been duly received, and for the information contained therein I feel grateful. Rarely going from home, I have nothing in the way of News to offer you in return.

It has always been my opinion, and so I have expressed it, that the Proprietors of the City of Washington (with some exceptions) are, by their jealousies, and the modes they pursue to promote their local interests, amongst its worst enemies. But if your present exertion to obtain a loan from Congress should succeed, of wch the prospect seems good, all doubts respecting the intentions of that Body, towards the permanent establishment of the Government, at that place, will be removed; Confidence will take place in every mind; and the Public buildings will be accompanied by private ones for the accommodation of its Members. My wishes, and my labours have always tended to the accomplishment of these points; the 0224 190 first is all I have left, to offer, and these shall be fervent. The principle which operated for fixing the sites for the two principal buildings, were well understood, and found necessary at the time to obtain the primary object; i e the ground, and means for either purpose: but it is always easy from an ignorant or partial view of a measure, to distort and place it in an unfavorable attitude. Nothing short of insanity can remove Congress from the Building intended for its sittings, to any other part of the City in the present progress of the Work. Where, or how the houses for the President and other public officers may be fixed, is, to me, as an individual , a matter of Moon-shine; but the reverse of the Presidents reason for placing the latter near the Capitol, was my motive for fixing them by the former. The daily intercourse which the Secretaries of the Departments must have, with the President, would render a distant situation extremely inconvenient to them; and not much less so would one be close to the Capitol; for it was the universal complaint of them all that while the Legislature was in Session they could do little or no business; so much were they interrupted by the individual visits of Members (in office hours) and by calls for Papers. Many of them have declared to me that they have been obliged, often, to go home and deny themselves, in order to transact the current business.

No person will congratulate you more sincerely than I shall, on the final success of your mission, if it answers yr. expectations; nor is there any one, who reprobates more than I do improper interferences of all sorts . As your perseverance, however, is likely to be accepted, and as this will open a view which promises a pleasing prospect, I hope you will suffer no difficulties, or differences, to divert you from your course; and that you will not quit the business until you see the Legislature seated in the Capitol of the United States.

0225 191

The last Message from the President to the Houses of Congress has brought matters to an Issue, and how it will… 18 to repeat with names,…could be fixed…that some Members of Congress…been selected…correspondence, with the. Directory of France and among other matters…advising that; or be received under…continued…If that report be true“What…would be too great…beast…owe their greatness to their Country.…

The press copy is badly mutilated. The words indicated by leaders […] are illegible. The “Letter Book” copy in the Washington Papers ends with the word “Issue.”

The conversation related in your last, will never be repeated by me nor any thing else which is related in confidence. With very great esteem etc. 19

From District of Columbia Letters and Papers in the Library of Congress.

*To THE SECRETARY OF WAR

Mount Vernon, March 27, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your favour of — came safe, and in due time; for the information contained in it I thank you; your request was immediately complied with, as every one of a similar nature shall be.

A Report is circulated in Alexandria and its vicinity, transmitted, (it is said) in private letters from Philadelphia, that a correspondence has been discovered, or more properly, letters have been intercepted from some M—rs of C—g—ss to the D—ct—y of F—, of a treasonable nature. Containing, among other matters, advice not to receive our Envoys; on the contrary, to menace us with hostile appearances, and they might rely upon bringing the U. States to her feet. The name of one person has been mentioned to me.

Cruel must these reports be, if unfounded; and if well founded, what punishment can be too great for the Actors in 0226 192 so diabolical a Drama. The period is big with events, but what it will produce is beyond the reach of human ken. On this, as upon all other occasions, I hope the best. It has always been my belief that Providence has not led us so far in the path of Independence of one Nation, to throw us into the Arms of another. And that the machinations of those, who are attempting it, will sooner or later recoil upon their own heads. Heaven grant it may soon happen upon all those, whose conduct deserve it. With truth I am etc.

*To MILES SMITH

Mount Vernon, March 27, 1798.

Sir: A few days ago I was favored with the receipt of a letter from William Strickland Esqr. of York in England; which, as it was introductory of you, to me, I presume it must have passed through your hands.

It would have afforded me much pleasure if you had been the bearer of that letter; and if at any time, business or inclination should induce you to make a tour in this State (Virginia) I should be much gratified in seeing you at this retreat. and in conversing with you on the principles and practice of Husbandry, notwithstanding my thread is nearly spun, and my wish is to Lease out my Farms (containing from five hundred to 1200 Acres of Ploughable ground) before it is broken. I live within eight or nine miles (by land and water) of Alexandria. I am etc.

*To THOMAS MARSHALL

Mount Vernon, March 30, 1798.

Dear Sir: General Spotswood, in my behalf, has requested Mr. Short to purchase a small piece of land (from a Mr. Hite) 0227 193 adjoining one of the tracts I hold on Rough Creek, in the State of Kentucky; and wch, it is said, would add much to the value of mine.

Should this purchase take place, and a good and sufficient conveyance thereof be made, and duly executed to your satisfaction, I hereby authorise you to draw upon me in payment thereof, for any sum, not exceeding Three hundred pounds or One thousand Dollars, at Sixty days sight, and the Bill shall be punctually paid.

I have had no further draughts upon me for the non-resident tax upon the 5000 Acres of Land which I hold on the Rough Ck. of Green River, but shall be ready to pay at all times such Bills as may be presented for this purpose. With very great esteem etc.

*To ALEXANDER SPOTSWOOD

Mount Vernon, March 30, 1798.

Dear Sir: Your letter of the 23d. instant only got to hand last night, and whether this reply to it may reach you in time, is questionable.

Your suggestion I have adopted; and you will perceive by the enclosed letter to Colo. Marshall, left open for your perusal, sealing, and forwarding, that I have authorised that Gentleman in case Mr. Short should make the purchase from Mr. Hite, to draw upon me at Sixty days sight for any sum not exceeding Three hundred pounds, upon due execution of conveyance of the same to me.

Mrs. Washington will have an opportunity this day of informing Mr. Lewis of the recovery of his daughters health, as she proposes to call there. This family are all well, and unite with best regards to you and yours, with Dear Sir etc.

*REMARKS ON MONROE'S “VIEW OF THE CONDUCT OF THE EXECUTIVE OF THE UNITED STATES” 20

The View was printed by Benjamin Franklin Bache, and this copy of Monroe's pamphlet contains the marginal manuscript notes of Washington upon the various printed paragraphs opposite them. The original was given by Bushrod Washington to Justice Joseph Story in 1828, and is now in the Harvard College Library. It is undated, but Ford places it between March 8 and March 25 in his edition of the Writings . The pamphlet was issued in December, 1797; but copies do not appear to have reached Virginia before January, 1798. Monroe's printed text is here given in 10-point type; Washington's manuscript comment is in 12-point.

[March, 1798.]

In the month of May, 1794, I was invited by the President of the United States, through the Secretary of State, to accept the office of minister plenipotentiary to the French Republic.—Page iii. 21

Of Monroe's pamphlet.

After several attempts had failed to obtain a more eligable character.

It had been too my fortune, in the course of my service, to differ from the administration upon many of our most important public measures.—p, iii.

Is this adduced as conclusive evidence that the Administration was in an error?

I was persuaded from Mr. Morris's known political character and principles, that his appointment, and especially at a period when the French nation was in a course of revolution from an arbitrary to a free government, would tend to discountenance the republican cause there and at home, and otherwise weaken, and greatly to our prejudice, the connexion subsisting between the two countries.—p. iv.

Mr. Morris was known to be a man of first rate abilities; and his integrity and honor had never been impeached. Besides, Mr. Morris was sent whilst the Kingly Governmt. was in existence the end of 91 or begg of 92.

Mr. Jay was nominated to Great Britain; which nomination too I opposed, because, under all the well-known circumstances of the moment, I was of opinion we could not adopt such a measure, consistently either with propriety, or any reasonable prospect of adequate success. I also 0229 195 thought, from a variety of considerations, it would be difficult to find, within the limits of the United States, a person who was more likely to improve, to the greatest possible extent, the mischief to which the measure naturally exposed us. This last example took place only a few weeks before my own appointment, which was on the 28th of May, 1794.—p. iv.

Did the then situation of our affairs admit of any other alternative than Negotiation or War? Was there an abler man, to be found to conduct the former or one more esteemed?

When I considered these circumstances, I was surprised that this proposal should be made to me by the administration, and intimated the same to the Secretary of State; who replied that my political principles, which were known to favor the French revolution and to cherish a friendly connexion with France, were a strong motive with the President for offering me the mission, since he wished to satisfy the French government what his own sentiments were upon those points.—p. iv.

And who had better opportunities of knowing what these were, than the confidential officers about his person, for the time being?

Our affairs with France had fallen into great derangement, and required an immediate and decisive effort to retrieve them.—p. iv.

Did not this derangement proceed from the injurious conduct of the French, in their violations of the 23d and 24th Arts. of the Treaty with the U S and the application of the latter for redress?

My instructions enjoined it on me to use my utmost endeavours to inspire the French government, with perfect confidence in the solicitude, which the president felt for the success of the French revolution; of his own preference for France to all other nations as the friend and ally of the United States; of the grateful sense which we still retained for the important services that were rendered us by France in the course of our revolution ; and to declare in explicit terms, that although neutrality was the lot we preferred, yet in case we embarked in the war it would be on her side and against her enemies, be they who they might .— pp. iv.–v.

0230 196

And is there to be found in any letter from the Governmt. to him, a single sentiment repugnant thereto? On the contrary, are not the same exhortations repeated over and over again? But could it be inferred from hence, that, in order to please Fr we were to relinquish our rights, and sacrifice our Come? 22

Commerce.

Upon this point 23 my instructions were as follows: “It is not improbable you will be obliged to encounter on this head suspicions of various kinds. But you may declare the motives of that mission to be, to obtain immediate compensation for our plundered property and restitution of the posts .”—p. v.

John Jay's mission to England.

And these were the immediate motives ; but for which an extra Envoy would not have been sent. But did it follow, when this expence was about to be incurred, that the Government wd not embrace the opportunity to settle and place other concerns upon the best footing it cd?

Who 24 were now unhappily diverging from each other, and in danger of being thrown wholly apart; and, as I presumed, equally against the interest and inclination of both.—p. vii.

France and the United States.

Why? Because one nation was seeking redress for violations and injuries committed by the other.

Upon my arrival in Paris, which was on the 2d of August, 1794, I found that the work of alienation and disunion had been carried further than I had before even suspected.—p. vii.

For the reasons above mentioned. If we had submitted to them without remonstrating, we shd. still have been their dear frds. and Allies.

I presented my credentials to the commissary of foreign affairs, soon after my arrival; but more than a week had elapsed, and I had obtained no answer, when or whether I should be received. A delay beyond a few days surprised me, because I could discern no adequate or rational motive for it.—p. vii.

0231 197

How does this accord with his communications to the Secretary of State? See letters of the 11th and 25th Augt. ps. 7 and 35. 25 Has he not assigned very satisfactory reasons for the delay? Does the answer of the President of the Convention indicate any coolness or discontent on the part of the French Government? What then was it he had to contend against at his outset?

In the section of “Instructions and Correspondence, &c.,” of Monroe's View . which section is paged in Arabic numerals. The pages noted, however, are not here printed, as they have no marginal notes by Washington thereon.

It was intimated to me that the committee, or several at least of its members, had imbibed an opinion, that Mr. Jay was sent to England with views unfriendly to France, and that my mission to France was adopted for the purpose of covering and supporting his to England; that the one was a measure of substantial import, contemplating on our part a close union with England; and that the other was an act of policy, intended to amuse and deceive.—p. vii.

Strange conception, and want of information this, when it was notorious, that a War with great Britain seemed to be almost unavoidable.

I thought I perceived distinctly, that not only the temper which had been shown by the committee, but the general derangement of our affairs with France, proceeded in a great measure, if not altogether, from the same cause, a suspicion that we were unfriendly to them.—p. ix.

Or more properly perceiving that we were not to be drawn into the vortex if it were possible to avoid it.

My first note to the committee of public safety on this subject, bears date on the 3d of September, 1794; in which I discussed and combated copiously, and as ably as I could, the conduct of France in thus harassing our commerce against the stipulations of certain articles in our treaty with her; and urged earnestly the immediate repeal of the decrees which authorized that proceeding.—p. ix.

But finally told it (contrary to express Instructions) that if it was not convenient to comply with those Attics, the Governmt. 0232 198 and People of the U: States wd give them up with pleasure, altho' it was the pivot on wch. our claim was fixed. See letter 3d Sep. pa. 35.

I do not wish to be understood as having been guided by political motives only in expressing the sentiments contained in that clause; on the contrary, I admit they were strictly my own; affirming at the same time that they would never have been thus expressed, had I not been satisfied, they were such, as it was honourable for the United States to express, and were likely also to promote their interest.—p. x.

Here is a measure adopted and avowed wch. was beyd. the Powers of the Executive; and for wch. if he had exercised them he might have been impeached; because it was not only dispensing with important Articles of the Treaty but was surrendering the only grd. on which our claims of compensation could be established.

From the committee itself I could obtain no answer, and to my informal applications to some of its members, I found that the difficulty of allowing our vessels to protect the property of English subjects, whilst they gave none to that of French citizens, against the English cruisers, with that of distinguishing in our favor from the case of Denmark and Sweden, in which we were now involved, were objections of great weight with the committee.—p. xi.

Such was our Treaty. If Denmark and Sweden were not entitled to the same, by Treaty, wherein lay the difficulty of discrimination? and what are the advantages of Treaties if they are to be observed no longer than they are convenient?

I thought I perceived, still remaining in the councils of that body, a strong portion of that suspicion of our views, in regard to our mission to England, so impressive upon my arrival; but which I had hoped was eradicated; and the more earnestly I pressed an accommodation with my demands the more obviously did this motive present itself to my view.—p. xi.

This has been the game wch. the French have uniformly played to parry Justice.

0233 199

Nor did France invite us to the war, or manifest a wish that we should engage in it; whilst she was disposed to assist us in securing our claims upon those powers, against whom we complained of injuries.—p. xvii.

France never invited us, it is true, to go to War; nor in explicit terms expressed a wish that we should do so; but can any thing be more apparent than that she was endeavoring with all her arts to lead or force us into it?

In promising to communicate to the committee the contents of this treaty as soon as I knew them, I did so in the expectation of fulfilling my promise, when I received a copy of the treaty from the department of state, and not before; for I expected no further information upon that subject from Mr. Jay.—p. xviii.

This declaration can not be reconciled with the various attempts which he made to obtain it, both from Mr. Jay and Mr. Pinckney; for the information of the French Government , before it was known to his own .

As he 26 had refused to send me a copy of the treaty, according to my request, by Mr. Purviance, and omitted, not to say refused (though indeed I understood his omission in the light of a refusal) otherwise to inform me of its contents by that very safe opportunity, I did not see how the correspondence could be continued on that subject, on his part.—p. xx.

Jay.

No one else will think it extraordinary, that he should refuse a copy for the declared purpose of laying it before the Fh. Government, and yet be disposed to inform him in confidence with the contents thereof; thereby to enable him to remove unfavourable impressions. Nor is it extraordinary that Mr. Jay should authorize his own Secretary , who had been privy to all the proceedings, to make this communication, whilst he refused to commit himself to Mr. Purviance let his character have been what it would.

These considerations will, I presume, likewise sufficiently explain why I would make no representation to the French government of the 0234 200 contents of that treaty, for which I became personally responsible, upon the mere authority of Mr. Jay, or other wise than upon a copy of the instrument itself.—p. xxi.

Most extraordinary reason this, in such a case! and under the circumstances Mr. Jay was.

Such was my conduct upon the above occasion, and such the motives of it.—p. xxii.

And extraordinary indeed it was!

In this he 27 notices my address to the convention; as also my letter to the committee of public safety of the third of September following; both of which acts he censures in the most unreserved and harsh manner. In the first he charges me with having expressed a solicitude for the welfare of the French Republic, in a stile too warm and affectionate; much more so than my instructions warranted; which too he deemed the more reprehensible, from the consideration, that it was presented to the convention in public and before the world , and not to a committee in a private chamber ; since thereby, he adds, we were likely to give offence to other countries, particularly England, with whom we were in treaty ; and since, also, the dictates of sincerity do not require that we should publish to the world all our feelings in favor of France .—p. xxiii.

The Secretary of State.

And would it not have been more consistent with our declaration of Neutray?

For the future, he instructs me, to cultivate the French Republic with zeal , but without any unnecessary eclat , and by my letter to the committee, demanding an indemnity for spoliations, and a repeal of the decrees suspending the execution of certain articles of our treaty of commerce with France, he objects that I had yielded an interest it was my duty to secure.—p. xxiii.

No reasoning can justify the measure. Nor circumstances Warrant his relinquishment of our rights.

Upon this occasion I thought proper, in reply to his first charge, to lay open more fully than I had before done, some truths, at which, indeed, I had before only glanced; particularly the light in which our administration was viewed by the committee upon my arrival.—p. xxiii.

0235 201

If the fact was so, the relating thereof ought to have accompanied the discovery, that the effect might have been counteracted. These after and time serving relations do not tell well.

It would be painful to go into details on this subject; but the circumstances here hinted will make it easy to conceive the unfavorable inferences, that must have been drawn respecting the temper and views of our administration.— note on p. xxiv.

It has been noted already, that Mr. Morris was appointed Minister during the Reign of Louis the XVI, 28 year before his confinement; how then can this charge apply? Afterwards, under the fluctuating counsels and changes which succeeded, even the acuteness and wisdom of a Monroe might have erred. But the principal cause of their objection to Mr. M. was, that he claimed the fulfilmt. of the Treaty, and restitution for the damages we had sustained by the violation of it, with firmness and Perseverance; to do wch. by Deeds , as well as Words , was not their Intention.

Blank in the manuscript.

To express sentiments in private, which it was wished should not become public, appeared to me a strange doctrine to be avowed by the administration of a free people, especially as it was known that the sentiments, thus expressed, were in harmony with those of the people, and with those publicly and formally expressed by the representatives of the people.—p. xxv.

The great and primary object of the Administration was to preserve the U.S. in Peace, by pursuing a conduct strictly neutral. It was not essential then, knowing beforehand with what eclat the reception was to be, to make a parade of sentiments, however strongly they might be felt, and however pleasing to one Nation, which might create unpleasant feelings in other Nations, with whom we were also in Peace, and wished to remain so.

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Well satisfied I am, that France declined taking them 29 in her treaty with Spain, which soon followed, from a fear it might weaken her connection with the United States.—p. xxvii.

The Floridas.

Guess work this, and not at all probable from that motive.

Had that treaty then never passed, and had we also otherwise preserved the ground upon which we stood with that nation, in the commencement of its revolution, what might we not have expected from its friendship?—p. xxvii.

Nothing, if she did not perceive some advantage to herself in granting it.

The prospect therefore of success in that important concern was now as fair as it could be.—p. xxvii.

This wd. all have been ascribed to France if that Government had had the least Agency in the Negotiation.

Mr. Pinckney was aware of the benefit which would be derived from such aid; but yet did not consider himself at liberty to obtain it, by shewing a copy of Mr. Jay's treaty, which I intimated might be necessary completely to remove the doubts that were entertained in that respect, and therefore deemed it most suitable to say nothing to the committee upon the subject of his mission.—p. xxviii.

Here again is another attempt to possess the French Government of the Treaty before ratification; and after repeated declaration of the impropriety of the measure.

It would at least have greatly embarrassed the administration to explain the cause of such a phenomenon to its credit; notwithstanding the advantage thereby gained to the public.—p. xxviii.

Indeed! When his Instructions required him to ask it!

By these letters it appeared that Mr. Jay had concluded a treaty upon other principles than those to which his powers were restricted, as inferred from my instructions, and of course, that the nature and object of his mission to England had been misrepresented, through me, to the French government.—p. xxix.

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The Instructions warranted no such conclusion; nor could the Government be responsible for his want of discernmt. and consequent misrepresentations.

That the administration had injured me, was a point upon which I had no doubt; that it had likewise compromised its own credit, and with it that of the United States, was also a truth equally obvious to my mind.—p. xxx.

But not so in either case to an impartial and discriminating mind? 30

The lower half of page xxx, which discussed, at length, Monroe's consideration of a voluntary relinquishment of his office of Minister to France, is inclosed by Washington in a brace, in which he has written: “Curious and laughable to hear a man under his circumstances talking seriously in this stile, when his recall was a second death to him.”

I assured him, however, that I should continue to endeavour to inspire the French government with a confidence, either that the treaty contained nothing improper, or would not be ratified in case it did.—p. xxxi.

Solicitous always to get hold of the Treaty prematurely, for the use of the French government, he omits no opportunity of expressing his chagrin for his disappointment; and would have wished to see the Executive of the U. States as indiscreetly forward as himself in promulgating it, before it had been submitted to the Senate. How can he reconcile this conduct to the practice of the French Governmt? Can he produce an instance of its making a Treaty public before it was ratified? If not, why has he pressed it on his own? Could Secrecy, in matters of this sort, be proper in that government and improper in ours?

But I own also that my reluctance was diminished by the knowledge that the administration possessed the treaty with England, whilst Colonel Humphreys was in America, and the presumption thence arising, that this objection was weighed and overruled before his departure.—p. xxxii.

And he wrote to his father, ending with this line, “I am my lovely [ sic ] Nedia ever thine.” 31

Neither Ford nor Sparks print this note.

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At the moment however when Mr. Barlow was upon the point of embarking with our presents, &c. intelligence was received that a Mr. Donaldson, whom Col Humphreys had left at Alicante with a conditional power, but in the expectation that he would not proceed in the business till he heard further from him, had passed over to Algiers and concluded a treaty with that regency, and of course without the aid of France; and thus ended our application to the French government for its aid in support of our negotiations with those powers, and nearly in the same manner as that did, which I made for its aid in support of our negotiation with Spain.—p. xxxii.

Mr. Donaldson was, by Colo Humphreys Instructed to proceed to Alicante, and act according to Circumstances. A favourable moment occurred, and he was advised by persons well acquainted with the state of matters at Algiers, and the then policy of the Dey, to embrace it. He did so, and happily succeeded. But not in the way most agreeable to Mr. Monroe; as it was effected without the agency of the Fh. Notwithstanding this agency, according to the advices Donaldson recd would, at that momt have been injurious.

From this period I had but one object to attend to, the preservation of our actual footing with France, which was, as already shewn, as favorable as we could wish it to be.—p. xxxiii.

Except suspicions, doubts, and the bugbear Treaty, which were always at hand, and brought forward when our claims were pressed; although the contents of that Treaty were unknown, and assurances were given that their rights were saved.

By me it was never introduced, for as I had no new communication to make to the committee upon it, whereby to remove the suspicions that were entertained of its contents, and any allusion to it in that state could of course only serve to revive unpleasant sensations to our disadvantage, I thought it most eligible to keep it out of view.—p. xxxiii.

That is one of the material charges against him; for altho' he had himself given information of the suspicions, doubts, and discontts. as above mentioned, and was possessed of the 0239 205 sentimts. of his Government relative thereto with the intention to remove them, he keeps these out of view until he is informed that the Directory have made up their mind upon the subject.

It was soon obvious that this aggression of Great Britain upon the rights of neutral nations, being made with the intent to increase the distress of famine which was then raging at Paris, and thereby promote the disorders which were in part attributable to that cause, excited a ferment in the French councils, which was not pointed against Great Britain alone.—pp. xxxiii, xxxiv.

The conduct of G. B. in this instance was extremely reprehensible; and was one of the motives for sending an Envoy to that Cty; but it was no justification of the wrong we recd from France with whom we had a Treaty that was infracted by the measure.

About the middle of August 1795, American gazettes were received at Paris containing copies of the English treaty, whereby its contents were made known to the committee of public safety without my aid. From this period therefore all mystery upon that subject was at an end. The possession of the treaty enabled the French government to judge for itself upon all the points which it involved. Nor was the effect which it produced an equivocal one; for there did not appear to me to be a description of persons, not in the interest of the coalesced powers who did not openly and severely censure it.—p. xxxiv.

They were predetermined to do so and took the tone frm their partisans on this side the water.

But as yet it was not known' that the treaty was ratified, nor certain that it would be, for the spontaneous and almost universal disapprobation that was bestowed upon it throughout the United States, as soon as it was seen, was sufficient at least to inspire a doubt on that point.—p. xxxv.

He should have said before it was seen; for it is a well known fact, that the opposition from the French Party, in the U S. began and writg commenced against it, as soon as it was known that a Treaty had been concluded and before one article therein 0240 206 was known to those writers. No more evident proof, therefore, can be given, that it was not the contents of the Treaty, but that a Treaty should be formed, which, putting an end to the disputes between the U.S. and G. B; put an end also to the hopes and expectation of our embarking in the War on the part of France. This, and this only, was the source of all the discontents, which have appeared on this occasion.

The appearance of the treaty excited the general disgust of France against the American government, which was now diminished by the opposition which the American people made to the treaty.—pp. xxxv, xxxvi.

Who were the contrivers of this disgust and for what purposes was it excited? Let the French Party in the U.S. and the British debtors therein answer the question.

Under existing circumstances it would not only be necessary for the administration to avail itself of some well known pronounced character in regard to the great question which now agitates the world, to whose care the negotiation should be committed, but that in other respects extraordinary circumspection should be used in the prosecution of the negotiation itself.—p. xxxvii.

The reader will be at no loss to discover who is here pointed at, nor for what purpose it is done.

The letter of June 1st contained a justification of the conduct of the administration in forming a commercial treaty with Great Britain at that period; and likewise a vindication of the administration against the charge of a want of candor (which seemed to be apprehended) in the explanations that were given by it of the motives of that mission; in which the idea of a commercial power was always withheld.—p. xxxvii.

This never would, or cd. have been apprehended had it not been seen that the enemies of the government were determined to have it so considd. How withheld? Is it usual, or was it necessary to publish to the world all the points on which the negotiation was to turn? His own conduct evinces how indiscreet it would have been to have intrusted him with them.

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The letter of July 2d contained advice, that the treaty was not ratified, and that the president was undecided upon the point of ratification.—p. xxxvii.

Upon no other ground, than that of the subsequent conduct of G. B. relative to the Provision order, so called.

It was inferred from these letters, that, when that of June 1st was written, the executive had resolved to ratify the treaty in case the Senate approved it, and that the hesitation which afterwards took place proceeded more from the shock which the general disapprobation of the treaty by the people gave the administration, than from any disinclination on its own part to the ratification.—p. xxxviii.

A mistake in toto; the hesitation as mentioned on the other side proceeded from the Provision order for it was obvious to the least discerning that an opposition by the French Party had been resolved on at all events, and had actually commenced before a single article of the Treaty was known: and the blaze, which he describes broke out before it was possible to consider it, or a hundredth part of its opposers had ever read it.

It was likewise inferred, that that letter was written with a view to lay the foundation for such an event, in the expectation the ratification would probably embroil us with France.—p. xxxviii.

It was well conceived that there was nothing in the Treaty which ought to have embroiled this Country with France.

In one particular the contents of this letter affected me personally, by affirming that my instructions had not warranted the construction I had given them, in explaining as I had done the motives of Mr. Jay's mission to London.—p. xxxviii.

and affirmed it too upon solid ground.

Of the symptoms of discontent which I witnessed, I had before given frequent intimations.—p. xl.

True, but without availing himself effectually as he ought, of the means with which he was furnished to remove it.

My wish was to conciliate the French government towards the treaty which was now ratified, and most anxiously had I looked to the administration for the means of doing it.—p. xliii.

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What means is it he wanted? Did he expect to be authorized to declare that the Government was in an error in having made a Treaty without first obtaining the consent of France; and to ask pardon for not having submitted Mr. Jay's instructions and the terms of it to the rulers of that Country before it was ratified?

Acts of candor when performed, if acknowledged by the party to whom they are said to be rendered, ought not to be boasted of by those who perform them.—p. xliii.

Why not, if the fact was admitted allow the American government to adopt some of the all perfect maxims of the French. It will not be denied that, to boast of what they do, and even of what they do not do is one of them.

Indeed it professes to notice, and in fact notices only one article, the 18th, and in so doing, admits in effect all the objections that were urged against it.—p. xliii.

This is denied, we could not yield a thing of which we were never possessed, and which it was not in our power to obtain. Nor was there any permission given, that the British did not claim, and exercise before, under the Law of Nations.

Would the administration, in a demand of payment for those seizures, which took place after the treaty was concluded, distinguish the cases, and confine that demand to such vessels as were taken in their route to a blockaded port, saying, for these only will we be paid, but for the others, comprehending perhaps 99 out of 100, we will not; and thus revive the controversy, which it was said was thus amicably dosed? This, it is presumed, would not be done.—p. xliv.

Did the Treaty with G B surrender any right of wch. the U.S. had been in possession? Did it make any change or alteration in the Law of Nations undr which G. B had acted in defiance of all the Powers of Europe? Or did it give her any authority to sieze Provision Vessels contrary to that Law? If none of these why all this farrago, but to sow the seeds of discontent, by imposing upon the uninformed?

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With respect to the declaration, that we were an independent people and had a right to deride for ourselves , &c. so often repeated, I did not perceive